Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1929 Words

â€Å"There is no such thing as a people who are all wicked or even all good,† states the main character in Catherynne M. Valente’s novel, The Girl Who Soared Over Fairyland and Cut the Moon in Two, when - after meeting both friends and foes - she realizes that there is both good and evil within one’s heart. A similar idea is presented by Harper Lee in her classic, To Kill a Mockingbird. Lee’s novel is set in the 1930s, in the small southern town of Maycomb where prejudice and rumors surrounding outcasts are commonplace and a fact of life. The plot follows two siblings, Scout and Jem, and their interactions with other Maycomb folk while growing up. The events center around Tom’s trial - where he, a man of color, is wrongly accused and convicted of raping a white woman. Throughout the story, the children meet many different people who they initially deem to be good or bad, but later realize they made hasty judgement Several of these characters - whic h, despite first appearances, are later revealed to be good - include a white woman who lives in poverty and does not understand common courtesy or friendship, a lady of society and class who has unjust prejudices against anyone below her, an outcast of society hidden away in a house rumored to be haunted by a malevolent phantom, and a mean, old lady trying to break free of an addiction to morphine. This idea, that good can even be found in people originally seen as bad or downright wicked, was an extremely optimistic view for Lee’sShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. Wit h that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was pov erty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establ ishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,Read MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, her

Some More Facts About Pediatric Speech Therapy - 774 Words

†¢ Some more facts about pediatric speech therapy The parents need to be very observant when it comes to noticing the all over development of the child. Many times the parents get too upset about the child’s development regarding his responding to the various sounds and noises. Child specialists say that it is crucial for the child to respond to any conversation or sound in children speech therapy. In many cases, the parents are not able to detect defects in the speech of the child. By the time they realize it may be too late. In the case of such problems and defects, the first point is that the parents should not panic. They have to handle the whole situation with a lot of patience. They should immediately consult a child expert who works on pediatric speech therapy. Any speech oriented problem can be cured. But that shall take time. One cannot lose patience. The critical developmental stages of children can be categorized into too many stages. They mark major junctures of the child’s development regarding the baby’s maturity. The children developmental stages range according to age. At this juncture, they have to acquire consultation from some physician or child specialist who can give them the solution accordingly. They do not want to falter or create risk for the child regarding health. These tender stages need guidance and proper tutoring when it comes to cognitive development. One needs to provide them the best solutions to the problems of the child which is a part ofShow MoreRelatedOccupational Therapy : A Diverse Field1395 Words   |  6 PagesOccupational Therapy focuses primarily on helping people in the things they want and need to do for everyday life through therapy. Occupational therapy is a diverse field that is a powerful, science-driven, and evidence-based profession. This career field requires friendliness, empathy, no judgement, knowledge, and assertiveness. Occupational therapists must also have good written, verbal, and nonverbal communication skills and critical thinking skills. It is a physically, mentally, and emotionallyRead MorePhysical Therapy For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder952 Words   |  4 PagesThis article was written by Judy Wang, PT, and DPT, and focuses on physical therapy can be a great way to treat children with autism spectrum disorder I with significant social, communicative, and behavioral challenges but communication is the one they have the most difficult with. The physical therapist help the kids gain more confident in the skills that they can use it future. Pediatric physical therapists design the treatment so that their movements that they use in social participation are loweredRead MoreHealth Care Webquest Essay1003 Words   |  5 Pagesassisted living, memory care, continuing care retirement communities, skilled nursing home facilities, and ho me health services. Independent living is when a resident has its own apartment type complex and assisted living is the same, except for the fact that some of the disabilities of the residents are covered for by the staff. Memory care is for people who have lost their memory and need to be kept safe inside the unit. They are fully dependent upon the staff for their needs. Home health is differentRead MoreAnimal Assisted Therapy : An Intentional And Distinct Healing Modality1604 Words   |  7 Pagescrucial role in creating healing environments. Animal- assisted therapy generates physiological effects, psychological effects, and social effects. Animal-assisted therapy involves interaction between patients and a trained animal, along with its human handler or owner, with the aim of facilitating patient s progress toward therapeutic goals Animal assisted therapy differs from common interaction with companion animals. Animal-assisted therapy is considered an intentional and distinct healing modalityRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1722 Words   |  7 PagesDid you know that one in every sixty-eight births are diagnosed with the Autism spectrum disorder in other words (ASD), which is about one percent of the world’s population. And that more than three point five million people in America live with a person who has the Autism spectrum disorder. We all know that Autism is a spectrum disorder in which an abnormality is developed in the brain. It is a long life condition that has no cure for itself. People who have Autism face many difficulties in theirRead MoreDevelopmental Delay1330 Words   |  6 PagesCDFR 4300 Developmental Delay At least 8 percent of all preschool children from birth to 6 years have developmental problems and demonstrate delays in one or more domains. (Pediatric Perspective, 2003). Developmental delays occur when a child does not reach the developmental milestones by the expected time. It can affect one or more of the five areas of development: physical, cognitive, communication, social and emotional, and adaptive. If a child is experiencing a delay in the area of social/emotionalRead MoreChildhood Disorders1296 Words   |  6 Pagesnumber of children that have been diagnosed with autism is dramatically increasing. Boys are four times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with autism. Signs of autism include visual impairments such as lack of eye contact, speech impairments and limited speech, and restrictive interests and repetitive behavior. Treatment for children with autism includes therapy including behavior therapy, medications, and special education programs. It has recently made headlines with its startling newRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of A Stroke1286 Words   |  6 PagesCerebrovascular accident (CVA) happens when there is a loss of blood supply to the brain. In the following we will be looking at the history of the disease, suspected causes, symptoms and treatments. Before we go into the history of a stroke take some time to look at the population chart in the back (pg. 8 image. 1) to see where strokes occur most. As you can see, the chart shows statistics of where strokes occur most and least around the U.S. and the number varies per 100,000 in the U.S. At thisRead MoreAdvances and Advocacy in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke3088 Words   |  12 PagesApril 2011. . This document is important as it gives information about the statistics of the incidence of stroke in the younger generation. Different studies have been discussed with respect to their results regarding the increase in incidence of stroke in young adults of different age groups. Agrawal, Nidhi; Johnston, S. Claiborne; Wu, Yvonne W.; Sidney, Stephen; Fullerton, Heather, J. Imaging Data Reveal a Higher Pediatric Stroke Incidence Than Prior US Estimates. Stroke. 17 September 2009Read MoreEssay on Developmental Coordination Disorder1160 Words   |  5 Pages2009, p. e695). The neurological disorder is generally diagnosed in children aged between six and twelve years, the condition affecting boys three times more often than girls (Hamilton, 2002; Gardner, 2008). Despite the fact that DCD affects roughly 6.4 percent of children, few individuals are familiar with the condition (Hamilton, 2002). In fact, a study by Kirby, Davies, Bryant (2005) revealed that only 54.3% of teachers and 26.7% of general practitioners could accurately define DCD (p. 124).

Best of Both Worlds...Sometimes free essay sample

I am a complex Oreo cookie: Brown on the outside, Indian and White on the inside, American. Having been brought up by Indian parents in an American society, there has always been a constant tug of war between these two different cultures in my life. I have to honor my parents expectations which can sometimes be out of range for me to follow, as well as empathize with my predominantly American friends. The war between two cultures has been filled with compromises and struggles but it has formed me to who I am today. These struggles range from mundane to the substantial. My parents have taught me to brush my teeth before I eat breakfast so that germs that developed in my mouth overnight do not go in my stomach with my food. When my friends sleep over, and the next morning I am brushing my teeth before breakfast, they rant: Ew, thats disgusting and Theres no point of doing that. We will write a custom essay sample on Best of Both WorldsSometimes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To make me seem like a normal teenage girl, I have to compromise a lot with my parents. For example, the typical rule that Indian parents set for their children is that they arent allowed to date until college. When I was asked to homecoming sophomore year of high school, I had many arguments, silent treatments and an awkward meeting with my date and my parents for me to get my parents’ permission to go to homecoming. Moments such as these make me question my richness. I have learned to compromise as well. My parents believe in many cultural superstitions such as auspicious days and times. I don’t believe in such things; I think that if things are meant to happen they will, and if not, life goes on. But I respect my parents beliefs and do certain things (like filling out this college application) at auspicious times to make them happy. However, heralding from two cultures has made me realize what diversity is. I have seen my parents’ compromise to acclimate to m y experience and generation. I have experienced culture and diversity to a broader extent that grants me wisdom that many people do not get a chance to gain. I will bring my diversity perspective to the University of Wisconsin to enhance myself as well as positively continue cross-cultural dialogues. I hope to expand my multi-cultural identity even more by participating in the study abroad program to acquaint myself with a truly foreign culture. I want to use my diverse knowledge to interact with international students to encourage them to become more independent intellectually far away from home. I plan to engage in significant extra-curricular activities and take many anthropology classes to add the worlds store of knowledge to mine. My diverse nature has made me courageous and brave that all my friends call me â€Å"open-minded,† a measure of my adaptability I will carry with me to college.

Three Qualities You Value in True Friend free essay sample

There are many ways to value quality of true friend. Personally, I highly value three qualities of my true friend. True friend is a kind of person who difficultly to find in your whole life. He or she is a person who cries or has fun with you. The three qualities that I would like to a true friend has such as trust worthy, dependable, and unselfish. The first important quality of a true friend is trust worthy. In friendship, true friend should able to keep secrets or promises. When you have problems, you go to talk with him or her and he or she will not do around talking a bout you. Second true friend should be honest in friendship. Without honesty the friendship will be fall a part. To be honest, true friend should tell the truth that is the third point. Your friend has better not lie each other so, it will not have suspicion in friendship. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Qualities You Value in True Friend or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To sum up, trust worthy is a important quality that can not be lacked in friendship. The second important quality is dependability. I look for in a friend who can help each other. Friend should be helpful with each other when you have problems. Plus, friend needs to give thoughtful advice to friend who is in trouble and he or she help you to corrects your mistakes. Additionally, forgiving is the necessary in friendship. A dependable friend should forgive or do not mind with small problems. To summarize, dependability is consequentially required in your friendship. Unselfishness is the last important that I determine in a true friend. Your friend should be a kind person. Sharing is the best example for kindness such as sharing food or sit. Moreover, supportability is a good thing that true friend always do to his or her friend. When your have problems, true friend will stay by your side and encourage you. The last point is envy. If he or she is a really your friend, he or she will not be jealous with you, but he or she should be happy for you. In summary, unselfishness is a good thing that a true friend should has in his or her mind. All in all, the qualities I highly value in a true friend are trust worthy, dependable, and unselfish. If you have a really true friend, your life might not loneliness or boredom. I believe these qualities are really necessary for friendship. They are also a great foundation of being a true friend.

Free Essays on Picasso

Picasso was arguably the most influential artist of the twentieth century. He had some degree of influence in all styles of painting which were used during his time, and was known and respected by almost every art enthusiast on the face of the planet. Pablo Picasso, born Pablo Ruiz y Blasco, came into the world on the 25th of October 1881 in the southern Spanish town of Malaga. Pablo was an artist from early in his life – he was a child prodigy. He began his career as a classical painter. He painted things such as portraits and landscapes. But this style didn’t satisfy Picasso, he was a free man and wanted to express himself and ultimately leave a lasting mark on art as we know it. Picasso turned his attention to cubes. He invented Cubism – a radical art form which used harsh lines and corners to display a picture instead of the usual soft curves (see enclosed picture no. 1). Picasso won a lot of fame for his Cubist paintings, but was criticized for it also. He designed and painted the drop curtain and some giant cubist figures for a ballet in 1917. When the audience saw the huge distorted images on stage, they were angry, they thought the ballet was a joke at their expense. Cubism lived on despite this. Other artists mimicked Picasso’s Cubism, and it took hold. Picasso had only just begun his one-man art revolution. In the late 1920s, Picasso fixed himself upon an even more revolutionary art form – Surrealism. Surrealism emphasized the role of the unconscious mind in creative activity. Surrealists aimed at creating art from dream, visions, and irrational impulses. Their paintings shocked the world – particularly Picasso’s – it was unlike anything anyone had ever seen before. Picasso saw his newly found art form as a kind of â€Å"painted literature† or sign language. He took advantage of this fact and also the fact that he was extremely famous, to make a few political statements, statements that would go down in hist... Free Essays on Picasso Free Essays on Picasso Picasso was arguably the most influential artist of the twentieth century. He had some degree of influence in all styles of painting which were used during his time, and was known and respected by almost every art enthusiast on the face of the planet. Pablo Picasso, born Pablo Ruiz y Blasco, came into the world on the 25th of October 1881 in the southern Spanish town of Malaga. Pablo was an artist from early in his life – he was a child prodigy. He began his career as a classical painter. He painted things such as portraits and landscapes. But this style didn’t satisfy Picasso, he was a free man and wanted to express himself and ultimately leave a lasting mark on art as we know it. Picasso turned his attention to cubes. He invented Cubism – a radical art form which used harsh lines and corners to display a picture instead of the usual soft curves (see enclosed picture no. 1). Picasso won a lot of fame for his Cubist paintings, but was criticized for it also. He designed and painted the drop curtain and some giant cubist figures for a ballet in 1917. When the audience saw the huge distorted images on stage, they were angry, they thought the ballet was a joke at their expense. Cubism lived on despite this. Other artists mimicked Picasso’s Cubism, and it took hold. Picasso had only just begun his one-man art revolution. In the late 1920s, Picasso fixed himself upon an even more revolutionary art form – Surrealism. Surrealism emphasized the role of the unconscious mind in creative activity. Surrealists aimed at creating art from dream, visions, and irrational impulses. Their paintings shocked the world – particularly Picasso’s – it was unlike anything anyone had ever seen before. Picasso saw his newly found art form as a kind of â€Å"painted literature† or sign language. He took advantage of this fact and also the fact that he was extremely famous, to make a few political statements, statements that would go down in hist... Free Essays on Picasso Picasso Pablo Picasso was one of the most interesting artists of his times, and by far was one of the most influential people in art history. Picasso was a man of many different abilities and attributes, which he contributed to the art community in numerous ways. First, Picasso was an extraordinary man for his sheer ability and length of his career as an artist. Also, early in Picasso’s life he was deemed a prodigy with the potential to be one of the greatest ever (Richardson 28). Pablo was born October twenty-fifth, 1881, and lived to be ninety-one years of age. Pablo was born in the small town of Malaga, Spain, where he only spent a fraction of his life and much smaller amount of time painting. The fact that he was able to live such a long life is an accomplishment in it self. Life expectancy in today’s society is only seventy some years of age, and he was born in a day and age where men were not expected to live for nearly half of that. Picasso was able to contribute to the art community all the up until his death in 1973. Along with that, Picasso also lived through two world wars, an American depression, and the rise and fall of two nazi regimes, which consequently lead to one of his greatest works (Stien 30). Not only did he have to survive life in general; he had to survive the struggles and hardships of war and famine. Picasso’s ability to survive makes him a special person, without even seeing a piece of his art. In correlation with Picas so’s li! fe span, his origin is also just as extraordinary. When born in 1881, he did not take his father’s name as every normal person does. Instead of taking the name of Ruiz, his father, he chose to take his mother’s maiden name, Picasso (Martin) Pablo’s reasoning behind this was that his father’s name was too common, and for a boy of his ability he needed a more exotic name, like Picasso. He believed that to be a painter you could not have a common name, you m... Free Essays on Picasso Perhaps the most radical painting of the twentieth-century, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, hangs unobtrusively at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. This large canvas, measuring 96" x 92", was to revolutionize modern painting by charting a new way of depicting reality. In 1907 its painter, Pablo Picasso, broke all of the rules that the "artistically correct" learned at the art academies: he disposed of three-dimensional perspective, abandoned harmonious proportion, used distortion, and borrowed from the art of primitive cultures. In fact, the painting was such a revolutionary statement that when the painting was first viewed by some French critics, the painter Derain even suggested to Picasso that he would one day commit suicide for the shame that he had brought on the art establishment. Originally Les Demoiselles was going to be an allegory of venereal disease, entitled "The Wages of Sin." In the study for the painting, Picasso sketched a sailor carousing in a brothel amongst prostitutes and a young medical student holding a skull, a symbol for mortality. But the subsequent painting is quite different from the original sketch: only the women appear. And these women are not the traditional nudes that viewers had become so accustomed to in the 1880's when Degas and Toulouse-Lautrec had begun to capture them in the moment of the "parade," whereby prostitutes announced their wares and services to their clients. Nor are these women feminine and beautiful as Ingres’ Venus Anadyomene. Then who are these women in this brothel in Barcelona's Avignon Street and why do they appear the way they do? Perhaps the answers to this question lies in Picasso's fear of women in general. Their flesh is not depicted as being soft and inviting but sharp and knifelike. In fact, their flesh suggests castration and fear of women. As Robert Hughes implies, "No painter put his anxiety about impotence and castration more plainly than Picasso did in Les Demoi... Free Essays on Picasso Perhaps the most radical painting of the twentieth-century, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, hangs unobtrusively at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. This large canvas, measuring 96" x 92", was to revolutionize modern painting by charting a new way of depicting reality. In 1907 its painter, Pablo Picasso, broke all of the rules that the "artistically correct" learned at the art academies: he disposed of three-dimensional perspective, abandoned harmonious proportion, used distortion, and borrowed from the art of primitive cultures. In fact, the painting was such a revolutionary statement that when the painting was first viewed by some French critics, the painter Derain even suggested to Picasso that he would one day commit suicide for the shame that he had brought on the art establishment. Originally Les Demoiselles was going to be an allegory of venereal disease, entitled "The Wages of Sin." In the study for the painting, Picasso sketched a sailor carousing in a brothel amongst prostitutes and a young medical student holding a skull, a symbol for mortality. But the subsequent painting is quite different from the original sketch: only the women appear. And these women are not the traditional nudes that viewers had become so accustomed to in the 1880's when Degas and Toulouse-Lautrec had begun to capture them in the moment of the "parade," whereby prostitutes announced their wares and services to their clients. Nor are these women feminine and beautiful as Ingres’ Venus Anadyomene. Then who are these women in this brothel in Barcelona's Avignon Street and why do they appear the way they do? Perhaps the answers to this question lies in Picasso's fear of women in general. Their flesh is not depicted as being soft and inviting but sharp and knifelike. In fact, their flesh suggests castration and fear of women. As Robert Hughes implies, "No painter put his anxiety about impotence and castration more plainly than Picasso did in Les Demoi...

Quipu - South Americas Undeciphered Writing System

Quipu - South Americas Undeciphered Writing System Quipu is the Spanish form of the Inca (Quechua language) word khipu (also spelled quipo), a unique form of ancient communication and information storage used by the Inca Empire, their competition and their predecessors in South America. Scholars believe that quipus record information in the same way as a cuneiform tablet or a painted symbol on papyrus do. But rather than using painted or impressed symbols to convey a message, the ideas in quipus are expressed by colors and knot patterns, cord twist directions and directionality, in cotton and wool threads. The first western report of quipus was from the Spanish conquistadors including Francisco Pizarro and the clerics who attended him. According to Spanish records, quipus were kept and maintained by specialists (called quipucamayocs or khipukamayuq), and shamans who trained for years to master the intricacies of the multi-layered codes. This was not a technology shared by everyone in the Inca community. According to 16th-century historians such as Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, quipus  were carried throughout the empire by relay riders, called chasquis, who brought the coded information along the Inca road system, keeping the Inca rulers up to date with the news around their far-flung empire. The Spanish destroyed thousands of quipus in the 16th century. An estimated 600 remain today, stored in museums, found in recent excavations, or preserved in local Andean communities. Quipu Meaning Although the process of deciphering the quipu system is still just beginning, scholars surmise (at least) that information is stored in cord color, cord length, knot type, knot location, and cord twist direction. Quipu cords are often plaited in combined colors like a barber pole; cords sometimes have single threads of distinctively dyed cotton or wool woven in. Cords are connected mostly from a single horizontal strand, but on some elaborate examples, multiple subsidiary cords lead off from the horizontal base in vertical or oblique directions. What information is stored in a quipu? Based on historical reports, they were certainly used for administrative tracking of tributes and records of the production levels of farmers and artisans throughout the Inca empire. Some quipu may have represented maps of the pilgrimage road network known as the ceque system and/or they may have been mnemonic devices to help oral historians remember ancient legends or the genealogical relationships so important to Inca society. American anthropologist Frank Salomon has noted that the physicality of quipus seems to suggest that the medium was exceptionally strong in encoding discrete categories, hierarchy, numbers, and grouping. Whether quipus have narratives embedded in them as well, the likelihood that well ever be able to translate story-telling quipus is very small. Evidence for the Quipu Use Archaeological evidence indicates that quipus have been in use in South America at least since ~AD 770, and they continue to be used by Andean pastoralists today. The following is a brief description of evidence supporting quipu use throughout Andean history. Caral-Supe culture (possible, ca 2500 BC). The oldest possible quipu comes from the Caral-Supe civilization, a preceramic (Archaic) culture in South America made up of at least 18 villages and enormous pyramidal architecture. In 2005, researchers reported a collection of strings twisted around small sticks from a context dated to approximately 4,000-4,500 years ago. Further information has not been published to date, and the interpretation of this as a quipu is somewhat controversial.Middle Horizon Wari (AD 600-1000). The strongest evidence for the  pre-Inca use of quipu record keeping is from the Middle Horizon Wari (or Huari) empire, an early urban and perhaps state level Andean society centered at the capital city of Huari, Peru. The competing and contemporary Tiwanaku state also had a cord device called a chino, but little information is available about its technology or characteristics to date.Late Horizon Inca (1450-1532). The best-known and largest number of surviving quipus are dated to the Inca period (1450-Spanish conquest in 1532). These are known both from the archaeological record and from historical reports- hundreds are in museums around the world, with data on 450 of them residing in the Khipu Database Project at Harvard University. Quipu Usage After the Spanish Arrival At first, the Spanish encouraged the use of quipu for various colonial enterprises, from recording the amount of collected tribute to keeping track of sins in the confessional. The converted Inca peasant was supposed to bring a quipu to the priest to confess his sins and read those sins during that confession. That stopped when the priests realized that most of the people couldnt actually use a quipu in that manner: the converts had to return to the quipu specialists to obtain a quipu and a list of sins that corresponded to the knots. After that, the Spanish worked to suppress the use of the quipu. After the suppression, much Inca information was stored in written versions of the Quechua and Spanish  languages, but quipu use continued in local, intracommunity records. The historian  Garcilaso de la Vega based his reports of the downfall of the last Inca king Atahualpa on both quipu and Spanish sources. It might have been at the same time that quipu technology began to spread outside of the quipucamayocs and Inca rulers: some Andean herders today still use quipu to keep track of their llama and alpaca herds. Salomon also found that in some provinces, local governments use historical quipu as patrimonial symbols of their past, although they do not claim competence in reading them. Administrative Uses: Santa River Valley Census Archaeologists Michael Medrano and Gary Urton compared six quipus said to have been recovered from a burial in the Santa River Valley of coastal Peru, to data from a Spanish colonial administrative census conducted in 1670. Medrano and Urton found striking pattern similarities between the quipu and census, leading them to argue that they hold some of the same data. The Spanish census reported information about the Recuay Indians who lived in several settlements near what is today the town of San Pedro de Corongo. The census was split into administrative units (pachacas) which usually coincided with Incan clan group or ayllu. The census lists 132 people by name, each of whom paid taxes to the colonial government. At the end of the census, a statement said the tribute assessment was to be read out to the natives and entered into a quipu. The six quipus were in the collection of the Peruvian-Italian quipu scholar Carlos Radicati de Primeglio at the time of his death in 1990. Together the six quipus contain a total of 133 six-cord color-coded groups. Medrano and Urton suggest that each cord group represents a person on the census, containing information about each individual. What the Quipu Say The Santa River cord groups are patterned, by color banding, knot direction, and ply: and Medrano and Urton believe that it is possible that the name, moiety affiliation, ayllu, and amount of tax owed or paid by an individual taxpayer could well be stored among those different cord characteristics. They believe they have so far identified the way the moiety is coded into the cord group, as well as the amount of tribute paid or owed by each individual. Not every individual paid the same tribute. And they have identified possible ways that proper names might have been recorded as well. The implications of the research are that Medrano and Urban have identified evidence supporting the contention that quipu store a great deal of information about the rural Inca societies, including not just the amount of tribute paid, but family connections, social status, and language. Inca Quipu Characteristics Quipus made during the Inca Empire are decorated in at least 52 different colors, either as a single solid color, twisted into two-color barber poles, or as an unpatterned mottled group of colors. They have three kinds of knots, a single/overhand knot, a long knot of multiple twists of the overhand style, and an elaborate figure-of-eight knot. The knots are tied in tiered clusters, which have been identified as recording the numbers of objects in a base-10 system. German archaeologist Max Uhle interviewed a shepherd in 1894, who told him that the figure-of-eight knots on his quipu stood for 100 animals, the long knots were 10s and single overhand knots represented a single animal. Inca quipus were made from strings of spun and plied threads of cotton or camelid (alpaca and llama) wool fibers. They were typically arranged in only one organized form: primary cord and pendant. The surviving single primary cords are of widely variable length but are typically about a half centimeter (about two-tenths of an inch) in diameter. The number of pendant cords varies between two and 1,500: the average in the Harvard database is 84. In about 25 percent of the quipus, the pendant cords have subsidiary pendant cords. One sample from Chile contained six levels. Some quipus were recently found in an Inca-period archaeological site  right next to plant remains of chili peppers, black beans, and peanuts (Urton and Chu 2015). Examining the quipus, Urton and Chu think they have discovered a recurring pattern of a number- 15- that may represent the amount of tax due to the empire on each of these foodstuffs. This is the first time that archaeology has been able to explicitly connect quipus to accounting practices. Wari Quipu Characteristics American archaeologist Gary Urton (2014) collected data on 17 quipus which date to the Wari period, several of which have been radiocarbon-dated. The oldest so far is dated to cal AD 777-981, from a collection stored in the American Museum of Natural History. Wari quipus are made of cords of white cotton, which were then wrapped with elaborately dyed threads made from the wool of camelids (alpaca and llama). Knot styles found incorporated in the cords are simple overhand knots, and they are predominantly plied in a Z-twist  fashion. The Wari quipus are organized in two main formats: primary cord and pendant, and loop and branch. The primary cord of a quipu is a long horizontal cord, from which hangs a number of thinner cords. Some of those descending cords also have pendants, called subsidiary cords. The loop and branch type has an elliptical loop for a primary cord; pendant cords descend from it in series of loops and branches. Researcher Urton believes that the main organizational counting system may have been base 5 (that of the Inca quipus has been determined to be base 10) or the Wari may not have used such a representation. Sources Hyland, Sabine. Ply, Markedness, and Redundancy: New Evidence for How Andean Quipus Encoded Information. American Anthropologist 116.3 (2014): 643-48. Print.Kenney, Amanda. Encoding Authority: Navigating the Uses of Khipu in Colonial Peru. Traversea 3 (2013). Print.Medrano, Manuel, and Gary Urton. Toward the Decipherment of a Set of Mid-Colonial Khipus from the Santa Valley, Coastal Peru. Ethnohistory 65.1 (2018): 1-23. Print.Pilgaonkar, Sneha. The Khipu-Based Numeration System. ArcXiv arXiv:1405.6093 (2014). Print.Saez-Rodrà ­guez, Alberto. An Ethnomathematics Exercise for Analyzing a Khipu Sample from Pachacamac (Perà º). Revista Latinoamericana de Ethnomatemtica 5.1 (2012): 62-88. Print.Salomon, Frank. The Twisting Paths of Recall: Khipu (Andean Cord Notation) as Artifact. Writing as Material Practice: Substance, Surface and Medium. Eds. Piquette, Kathryn E. and Ruth D. Whitehouse. London: Ubiquity Press, 2013. 15-44. Print.Tun, Molly, and Miguel Angel Diaz Sotelo. Recovering An dean Historical Memory and Mathematics. Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemtica 8.1 (2015): 67-86. Print. Urton, Gary. From Middle Horizon Cord-Keeping to the Rise of Inka Khipus in the Central Andes. Antiquity 88.339 (2014): 205-21. Print.Urton, Gary, and Alejandro Chu. Accounting in the Kings Storehouse: The Inkawasi Khipu Archive. Latin American Antiquity 26.4 (2015): 512-29. Print.

Similar and differences between poems. Ulysses by Alfred, Lord Essay

Similar and differences between poems. Ulysses by Alfred, Lord Tennyson and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot - Essay Example This essay examines the similarities and differences of the two poems. Elliot’s and Tennyson’s works of art are in the same way dramatic monologue poems. Both poems center on an aged character that lacks confidence and contentment in life. Ulysses, the narrator of the latter writer’s poem reveals his sorrowful feelings to an unknown listener after returning from his explorations. Similarly, Elliot’s work has only one narrator named â€Å"J. Alfred Prufrock.† He, like Ulysses, is an aging unselfconfident man who talks about his unexciting life. Yesterday is in no way different from today. As mentioned by Prufrock, his life is uneventful as ‘time passes by carefully’ (line 75). Thus, the two poems suggest a lonely theme as Prufrock believes his useless life and Ulysses years to do more explorations. Additionally, both poems bring up the word â€Å"water.† Elliot includes the word in the line, â€Å"When the wind blows the water white and black† (line 128) as the narrator describes how mermaids’ comb their beautiful hair that intimidates him for he is bald. Moreover, Ulysses mentioning how he wants to go back to the water reveals his wanting to travel more. The two displeased speakers don’t fail to remember death as well. Elliot presents Prufrock’s grief by saying he has seen the â€Å"eternal Footman† (line 85). The footman pertains to the person who helps the soul of a dead person to go to another dimension or afterlife. Tennyson, in the same instance, reflects death on Ulysses. The speaker who is a traveler wants to sail away from death to have the chance to explore and have more adventures. Tennyson and Elliot both use Allusion on their works. In Prufrock’s speech, he mentions â€Å"work and days† (line 29) which is exactly the title of the Greek poet Hesiod. Another allusion used is â€Å"dying fall† (line 52). The expression was popularized by Shakespeare as it was used in his work â€Å"Twelfth Night.† The words and phrases â€Å"prophet†