Maltese Falcon Comparison Essay

Imagine, you knew of an object that looked ordinary, but was really worth thousands, or even millions of dollars? Now imagine that you were one, of a few people in the world who knew what it was worth, -you didn’t know where it was but you knew how you could get your hands on it? In the book the maltese falcon, that is exactly the case. Today I am going to be comparing the novel, the maltese falcon by Dashiell Hamtese, and the song Money by the beatles, as they both strongly focus and put importance on money, also a well-known symbol for greed, which is the main theme of the book and the song. In the maltese falcon, Greed is characteristic that all the characters in the book share and represent perfectly. Same with the song, money, where greed is present in the lyrics. The lines in the song â€Å"now give me money, that’s what I want, That’s what I want, yeah† was repeated throughout the whole song. This is expressed in the Maltese falcon, as this novel starts off with the plot being based around the money, and greed and lasted all the way to the end of the novel. Infact mr spade initially takes his assignment to ? d the maltese falcon because the money is good, and seems to be driven by payment throughout his search for the maltese falcon, and not as much as finding the killer of his partner. This is shown in the a quote from a conversation Brigid and mr spade were having. â€Å"surely your not considering it said brigid. Why not? Five thousand dollars is a lot of money†responded mr spade. And than again he says â€Å" 5 thousand dollars is a lot of money†. Secondly the line of lyrics â€Å"You’re lovin’ gives me a thrill, But you’re lovin’ don’t pay my bills† represents everyones relationships and love in the book. All characters, who were after the maltese falcon were selfish and only cared about the money and what was in it for them. They didn’t care, about one another and if someone got left behind, they would keep on marching on until they found what they wanted. They would do anything for themselves to get there hands on the maltese, even kill, a loved one. In the following quotes, it shows gutman, a character in search for the maltese falcon for secenteen years, give up his -son-like , as a fall-man to mr spade in exchange for the falcon. well wilmer, im sorry indeed to lose you, and I want you to know that I couldn’t be founder of you if you were my own son-but gad! -if I lose you a son its possible to get another and theres only one maltese falcon. † Finally, my last comparison are the lyrics at the beginning of the song â€Å" the best things in life are free But you can keep them for the birds and bees, Now give me money†, what the lyrics mean is that I know that the good things are life are free, but I don’t need those , give that to someone else, all I need is money, to make me happy, so give it to me money. hroughout the book, all the characters wanted was to find the maltes falcon, and they didn’t care about anything or anyone else. they all had there mind set on one thing only, the falcon. They were willing to giver up everything, close relationships, housing, and their life in order for the riches. This is shown whenever they heard mr spade mention he knew where the maltese falcon was, thier eyes would light up and get overly excited. In summary, the maltese falcon and the song money, are similar due to having the same theme based around greed caused by the money.

A Study of the Diffusion of Innovation

Today, there are many educational institution are implementing different types of technology in order to enhance instruction of the teacher as well the learning efficiency of the students. It is believe that application of technology will definitely enhance instruction because these types of materials and apparatus are especially designed for education and instruction.The most visible form of technology today is the computer (Gallas, 1994). Unlike in the previous decades where teachers use the traditional blackboard and chalk to teach their middle school students, now most teachers are using computers to aid them in teaching their students. This is just one example of interventions of technology in a middle school classroom.For this paper, the main objective is to determine the different types of technologies being implemented in a middle school classroom in order to enhance instruction. Moreover, the paper will try to define the factors that affect the diffusion process of technolog y integration within middle school classrooms.TYPES OF TECHNOLOGYComputers  For the past few decades in teaching methodology, the mode of teaching in almost every classroom is done by one-to-many interaction (Cooper & Robinson, 1998). This means that there is one who takes the responsibility in giving the right amount of knowledge to its student.The said interaction is mostly known as the teacher to student relationship. This mode of teaching had produced many intellects in the world. Many professors and scholars relied on this technique to teach their students effectively. They thought that this technique will make their students absorb the teaching they inculcate. This condition is whether the class is big or small.Science and mathematics subjects are one of the most important subjects that must be taught effectively to a student especially in the elementary level.The curriculum of a school must be of good quality because this will serve as a good foundation on the learning proc ess of the students (Fink, 2004). It is believed that good foundation on science ad math subjects will be a tool on the success of the students. Thus, there is a need in the upgrading of the current teaching methods of the said subjects for the students who wants to learn fully the basic or fundamental principles of the said subject.Today, computers aid teachers in instructing their students. But how teachers utilize computer in teaching their students? Some lessons are shown through the use of computers. Unlike in a blackboard and chalk setting where the teacher can only write and draw figures but with the use of computers, the teacher can do more (Their & Daviss, 2002).A good example of this is when a science instructor teaches human anatomy. For a middle school student, he or she will find it hard to imagine human parts especially the internal organs. Thus, the science instructor will use a computer to better visualize the human anatomy. Basically, computers are being implemented today because there are some discussion when used by a blackboard and chalk, the student cannot understand the given lesson.Most educational institutions believe that there is a need to include in their academic curriculum the subject information technology and one example of this is the usage of computers. The above discussion shows why teachers use computer while this part of the paper will analyze why is there a need to include computer related subjects in the curriculum of middle school classrooms (Technology Education Association, 2000).Computers that are being used by math teachers, uses software that has connection is teaching math subjects (Harlen, 2001). This software is designed to teach math lesson and techniques in such a way that it will not create confusion on students. In solving math problems, the first thing to do is read the problem and determine what are the given.After this, the solver must find out what is being asked from the problem. Some math problems have o bvious statement where the solver can detect it with ease while there are also other math problems that do require and analysis first before knowing what is being asked. The next part will be the most difficult one because the solver will determine what equation or group or equations will be use to answer the math problem. This part does require some analysis (AutoSkill, 2003).The very reason why students are advised to take computer subjects is that, computers are now considered basic necessity in our society (Education Development Center, Inc.,2000). Almost every person in the country has computers. Moreover, all business transactions use computers. Thus, to prepare them in their chosen career, they will not be left behind due to their illiterateness in computer hardware and software. A Study of the Diffusion of Innovation Today, there are many educational institution are implementing different types of technology in order to enhance instruction of the teacher as well the learning efficiency of the students. It is believe that application of technology will definitely enhance instruction because these types of materials and apparatus are especially designed for education and instruction.The most visible form of technology today is the computer (Gallas, 1994). Unlike in the previous decades where teachers use the traditional blackboard and chalk to teach their middle school students, now most teachers are using computers to aid them in teaching their students. This is just one example of interventions of technology in a middle school classroom.For this paper, the main objective is to determine the different types of technologies being implemented in a middle school classroom in order to enhance instruction. Moreover, the paper will try to define the factors that affect the diffusion process of technolog y integration within middle school classrooms.TYPES OF TECHNOLOGYComputersFor the past few decades in teaching methodology, the mode of teaching in almost every classroom is done by one-to-many interaction (Cooper & Robinson, 1998). This means that there is one who takes the responsibility in giving the right amount of knowledge to its student. The said interaction is mostly known as the teacher to student relationship.This mode of teaching had produced many intellects in the world. Many professors and scholars relied on this technique to teach their students effectively. They thought that this technique will make their students absorb the teaching they inculcate. This condition is whether the class is big or small.Science and mathematics subjects are one of the most important subjects that must be taught effectively to a student especially in the elementary level. The curriculum of a school must be of good quality because this will serve as a good foundation on the learning process of the students (Fink, 2004). It is believed that good foundation on science ad math subjects will be a tool on the success of the students.Thus, there is a need in the upgrading of the current teaching methods of the said subjects for the students who wants to learn fully the basic or fundamental principles of the said subject.Today, computers aid teachers in instructing their students. But how teachers utilize computer in teaching their students? Some lessons are shown through the use of computers. Unlike in a blackboard and chalk setting where the teacher can only write and draw figures but with the use of computers, the teacher can do more (Their & Daviss, 2002).A good example of this is when a science instructor teaches human anatomy. For a middle school student, he or she will find it hard to imagine human parts especially the internal organs. Thus, the science instructor will use a computer to better visualize the human anatomy. Basically, computers are being implemented tod ay because there are some discussion when used by a blackboard and chalk, the student cannot understand the given lesson.Most educational institutions believe that there is a need to include in their academic curriculum the subject information technology and one example of this is the usage of computers. The above discussion shows why teachers use computer while this part of the paper will analyze why is there a need to include computer related subjects in the curriculum of middle school classrooms (Technology Education Association, 2000).Computers that are being used by math teachers, uses software that has connection is teaching math subjects (Harlen, 2001). This software is designed to teach math lesson and techniques in such a way that it will not create confusion on students. In solving math problems, the first thing to do is read the problem and determine what are the given. After this, the solver must find out what is being asked from the problem.Some math problems have obvio us statement where the solver can detect it with ease while there are also other math problems that do require and analysis first before knowing what is being asked. The next part will be the most difficult one because the solver will determine what equation or group or equations will be use to answer the math problem. This part does require some analysis (AutoSkill, 2003).The very reason why students are advised to take computer subjects is that, computers are now considered basic necessity in our society (Education Development Center, Inc.,2000). Almost every person in the country has computers. Moreover, all business transactions use computers. Thus, to prepare them in their chosen career, they will not be left behind due to their illiterateness in computer hardware and software.InternetInternet is being introduced today in most middle schools. The use of internet for education purposes is called electronic education or simply e-learning. The teacher may teach his or her students wherever and whenever.This is also applicable when the teacher wants also to give exercise and examination. The good thing with the use of internet is that, it does not need the student to go in the classroom just to learn the lesson. What is needed is a set of computer that has an internet connection (Technology Alliance’s Technology in Education Task Force, 1998).FACTORS OF TECHNOLOGY DIFUSSIONThere are factors why technology is implemented in teaching method in a middle school classroom. One is that it is more efficient compared to the traditional setting of a classroom.We know that a typical classroom consists of tables where the students will sit for the rest of time of discussion and a blackboard and chalk where all the writings will be done, but when technology is implemented, the classroom will transform into more convenient environment that will aid students to appreciate what the teacher is discussing.Computers will create an excitement among students because they will not feel bored in the discussion. Audio-visual equipment will also facilitate in the efficient learning of the students. They will understand more some complicated lessons like in science and math subjects.References:AutoSkill, (2003). Developing Mathematical Proficiency with the AutoSkill ® Academy of MATH ®Cooper, J., & Robinson, P. (1998). Small-group Instruction in Science, Mathematics,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Engineering and Technology (SMET) Disciplines: A Status Report and an   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Agenda for the Future. Journal of College Science Teaching.Education Development Center, Inc. (2000). Findings from Phase I and Phase II (1989†¹91) of the Middle School Technology Integration Project. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from http://www.edc.org/FSC/MIH/Fink, L. D. (2004). Beyond Small Groups: Harnessing the Extraordinary Power of Learning Teams [Electronic Version]. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from http://www.med.wright.edu/aa/facdev/_ Files/PDFfiles/BeyondSmallGroups.pdfGallas, K. (1994). The Languages of Learning: New York: Teachers College Press.Harlen, W. (2001). Primary Science: Taking the Plunge: Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann,.Thier, M., & Daviss, B. (2002). The New Science Literacy: Using Language Skills to Help Students Learn Science: Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.Technology Education Association. (2000). Press Release 2000. Technology Education Association. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved April 11, 2008, from http://www.tae.eduTechnology Alliance’s Technology in Education Task Force. (1998). UPDATE OF   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TECHNOLOGY ALLIANCE. Technology Alliance’s Technology in Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Task Force

Are New and Old EU Members Becoming More Financially Integrated A Essay

Are New and Old EU Members Becoming More Financially Integrated A Threshold Cointegration Analysis - Essay Example 1999; Fratzschner, 2001etc).This approach mainly uses the uncovered interest parity2 condition. The main limitation with this approach is that if data on financial instruments with similar characteristics are not available, then the interpretation of results based on the price or approach can be problematic. It is very difficult to get financial instruments of exactly similar characteristics in reality. Further, there is an argument that interest rate convergence need not necessarily occur in financially integrated markets. This is because of the possibility of similar response of the markets to common factors even under non-convergence of interest rates also (Poghoshyan and Hann, 2007). The second approach is based on the cross border flows of capital. This approach estimates quantitatively the various legal and other barriers, which may affect financial integration through different angles of the decision process regarding investment (Bekaert and Harvey,1995;Adam etal, 2002; Baele etal, 2004 etc). However, cross border capital flows need not always be indicators of financial integration only. It can be due to many other policies like monetary, fiscal, exchange rate policies and other circumstances (Eichengreen, 2003).In addition to this, according to European Commission (1997), the harmonization and coordination of various legal procedures for capital markets have become less important for their integration after the introduction of Euro. However, this is not the case for other financial markets according to the Commission. The third approach is based on the news-based indicators (Baele etal, 2004; Capiello etal, 2006). According to this, under integrated financial markets, the prices of financial instruments will be affected more by the global news than the local news. This is because there will be well diversification of portfolios in the financially

Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Exercise - Essay Example He says that what you consume is vital but what it emanates down to is how much you eat. Thus it is good to eat like the French do, they are the healthiest groups of people yet they have a number of the worst diets worldwide. And lastly, an individual is at an advantage consuming whole fresh foods instead of food products that have been processed. He wants his readers be aware that they should not just eat any food and should be aware that even some low-fat foods have been confirmed that they do not work. Therefore: one should be familiar with the ingredients in the food they consume; eat frequently plants; cook for yourself; pay extra for nutritious diets and eat less; and Eat like an omnivore and like the French. He also insists that people should keep off from supermarkets and eat real stuff that do not have health assertions (POLLAN, 2007). In his article, Pollen seems to answer the question on: whether are there more nutrients in foods that have been manufactured and are claiming to be nutritious than in natural foods?; And how sure are we that these studies on diets that claim certain foods to have nutrients have more benefits than harms to our health? His main idea is on nutritionism. He examines the effect nutritionism has on human beings. He does this through his explanation of how a political mix-up has made companies assert that their produce is healthy. This political mix-up is denoting to a situation where George McGovern contradicted himself on the matters concerning particular nutrient. He said publicly how the nutrient was unhealthy, and later he comes with an opposite opinion of his previous statements. Through this pollen paints an image that nutritionism is good for food companies and marketers but it is not good for human beings. He claims that human beings are contented to receive updates that they should consume more of one thing rather than another; we

Quantitative and Qualitative Methods of Research Assignment

Quantitative and Qualitative Methods of Research - Assignment Example Measurements of data in a big population are carried out through random sampling. Random sampling does not give an accurate measurement in people since people are different from each other as compared to elements tested in natural sciences that are always identical (Graham, 2008). The best approach to measurement that should be used in the measurement of people and society is the use of a computerized sampling method that is programmed to practice simulation. Use of computerized sampling will ensure that the whole population is well represented (Davies, 2007). Both qualitative and quantitative types of research need to be valid and reliable to enhance their use by analysts. The validity of these research methods ensures the connection of the research carried out and the theoretical ideas of the researcher (Chikkodi and Satyaprasad, 2010). Much of it refers to the generalizability of the findings in both the quantitative and qualitative research. In a bid to assess, the validity of these two types of validity in research, their credibility and transferability aspect is very important (Connaway and Powell, 2010). The credibility aspect is used to determine whether the findings in the research seem believable while the transferability aspect determines whether the findings of the research are applicable in another context. Reliability of these types of research refers to the situation in which more than one observer of the study agrees with the findings (Katsirikou and Skiadas, 2012). A good example is how an efficient apparatus in laborator y gives accurate data.

A Good Man Is Hard To Find Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Good Man Is Hard To Find - Essay Example The grandmother in the book is a central figure in the extended family and most of what happens in the story is a direct result of the grandmother (Bonney, 1990). There is a strong sense of social status in the grandmother’s tone, which is particularly evident when she begs the misfit not to kill her because she is a lady. She also plays the role of mother during the trip and its aftermath. In addition, it is her decision to take the children on a trip to Tennessee that leads to their murder by the misfit. During the trip, the grandmother attempts to show her heroine side by attempting to draw the misfit away from his plan to murder the family. Social status is also apparent in the book as the author makes numerous references about fundamental traditions and values of the South. Flannery O’Connor in her book discusses cultural aspects via the role of the grandmother as the mother of the family, family relationships, and the family’s social status. The author disc usses the cultural role of the grandmother as the family’s mother as a way to understand the manner in which the misfit viewed the family. The grandmother believes herself to be a lady and does things she expects other motherly ladies would do. For example, she asks the misfit to pray in order to make a connection with him and to ensure he understood that she was not only a lady, but a respectful Southern lady who believed in prayer. She mutters â€Å"Jesus, Jesus† (O’Connor, 2011) to him as a way of telling him that it was only Jesus who could save him. Throughout the book, she makes references to her being a motherly lady, even telling him that she was her son as a way to stop him from killing her. According to her, the fact that she was a mother and lady would stop the misfit from killing her (Bonney, 1990). The misfit understood from the beginning that the grandmother wished to be treated as a mother and a lady, which is evidenced by his apology after he app ears shirtless in front of the family. The author discusses the cultural aspects of what it means to be a â€Å"good man† through the social status of the grandmother as a lady, as well as the misfit’s lack of adherence to social principles. While the grandmother expects the misfit and everyone else to treat her as a lady with grace and charm, this is, in fact, the opposite of what she is (Bonney, 1990). For instance, the grandmother evokes conscience at the start of the book, although she is conveniently non-committal when it comes to lying to the children concerning the car’s secret panel, sneaking pitty sing without their knowledge into the car, and opting to stay silent about her mistake with regards to the house’s location (O’Connor, 2011). While the grandmother attempts to appeal to the misfit’s conscience regarding mothers and ladies, she does not behave this way when the misfit begins to kill her family. Rather than beg the misfit to spare the life of her children and grandchildren as a lady would, she begs for her own life. She does not believe that the misfit would kill her since she was a lady and mother, attempting to appease his psych by appealing to what she considered as a male weakness for mothers and ladies. However, it seems that the misfit had already seen through her facade and goes on to kill anyway, contending that she would have been a good lady if â€Å"she had been shot every minute of her life† (O’Connor, 2011). The manner in which the book ends reinforce the book’s title that it is hard to find a good man since the misfit does not respect the grandmother’s social status as a mother or lady. Even though the grandmother makes her best attempts to mold him into a good man, telling him that, â€Å"if you pray, Jesus would help you†

The objective of this qualitative study will be to explore the Thesis

The objective of this qualitative study will be to explore the influence of socialization and ambition may have on the under-representation of women in the U.S. Congress - Thesis Example Children will also identify with the political ideologies that are supported by their parents.1 It has been proven that the children of educated parents tend to support ambitious characters. Since children at this stage tend to identify with their families, it is this support that can inspire a female child to harbor dreams of being an achiever in later life. In addition, parents from higher socioeconomic settings are usually more concerned with political developments. They also expose their children to political systems and encourage them to develop opinions about various political aspects. The daughters of parents who dynamically speak about politics with their offspring tend to be more assertive in stating their views about various political functions. Family discussion patterns that include parents cheering their children when they express their personal political opinions are frequently better oriented toward participation in public affairs. Conversely, there are parents that do not encourage their children to develop political and other views that are in any way different from their own. These parents emphasize on the significance of being respectful and promoting social harmony by maintaining that their children have to avoid any deep arguments or give in immediately they sense that the person they are arguing with is unfriendly. Daughters from such families are usually more likely to embrace traditional roles that call for them to be accepting of other’s opinion. Daughters from socio-oriented family units are usually less critical of facts, and experience few arguments in the home. Such realities encourage them, from a young age, to value social harmony over exploring new fields which may bring considerable challenges and conflicts.2 Moreover, the daughters from families that support open communication and the development of distinctive ideas are encouraged to be more daring and to engage in critical thinking and

The Golden Gate Bridge Magnificence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

The Golden Gate Bridge Magnificence - Essay Example There is a slight scent of roses in the atmosphere a scent that has come up with the tide (Campbell and Susan, 35). The water in itself is pleasing to the eyes, and the smashing of water on to the rocks below makes it seem as if it is raging and charging. The sunlight makes the water sparkle when calm, and though a long way down, I can see my own tiny reflection; a tiny me holding the railings of the bridge and looking down to see the gaze turned on to me. A swarm of birds passes by, making me envious of them because I do not get to enjoy the scenery that they get to enjoy in their flight. They whistle in harmony, whilst I soak in the sun’s warm rays looking into the horizon. Many have encountered death by this bridge. Death has taken the lives of countless individuals in both cruel and softer manner. The lucky ones were saved before death could grasp them. The sparkly waters below me have tasted the blood of the victims. The waters do not choose the person to take in (Campbell and Susan, 35). The clouds begin to show their faces. They come in huge numbers as if to bid me the worst. Now the air smells of exhaust smoke, emitted from cars trying to rush home and avoid the coming thunderstorm., The place suddenly turns cold, a gesture that means I should be on my way lest I meet the wrath of the water below, which has now turned wild and bangs the rocks on the banks with rage. Many lives have been taken down there, and I would not wish death takes mine soon I choose the Golden Gate Bridge because of its famous use by various people and among them those who pass there while heading home on a daily basis. I enjoyed writing about the Golden Gate Bridge because, despite its praise for being one famous bridge among many, there was still the possibility of writing something negative about a bridge that has been praised for quite a while. My first impressions about the bridge were both good and bad.

Integrated Supply Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Integrated Supply Management - Essay Example They are also held responsible when it comes to helping the civil government in maintaining the country’s essential services. The demands of the Indian army have been increasing continuously since the issue of insurgents started. The army has been deployed to various part of the nation to protect its citizens and keep the people there safe. Army troops have been sent to Kashmir, Jammu and all the Northern parts of the nation. For the Indian army to be able to protect its people well and protect the Indian Territory from terrorists, the army has to be well prepared and well taught so that they are able to carry out operations in a manner that will help them give the best protection to their citizens. In order for this to happen, the army has to be equipped well; it has to be modernized and has to undergo a suitable structure process (Bharat, 2008). The Indian army is divided in to two categories, which include; the arms and the services. The services provide administration and logistics to the whole running of the army. While the arms have got several duties, they are the category of the Indian army that carries out the operations like protecting the nation and its citizens. The arms are consisted of the infantry, the armored, the aviation, the artillery, and the air defense artillery, engineers, the Signals and the intelligence. For the Indian army to be able to perform its duties of protecting the nation, they require supplies that will help them run their armed forces properly. There are several types of supplies that are directed to the Indian army. Some of them include; the procurement of weapons in the armed forces. The Indian government has in the past procured several weapons that are being used by the army. Since the rate of the insurgency in the Indian neighborhoods has risen, Indian armed forces have procured quite a lot of weaponry to ensure that they keep their territory safe. The process of procuring these weapons and other equipment is a lo ng and hectic one. A lot of money is channeled towards this type of procurement. The quality of the weapons that are to be supplied must be the best quality since the army has to use the best type of weapons. In procuring weapons, the government has to critically analyze the extremely competitive bids and make sure that the supplier that will bring in the weapons is legitimate, has the financial stability and ability and that the supplier is able to bring in quality weapons for usage (Paul, 2008). The Indian army was hit by a scandal that was claiming that they ate food that was out of date. Hence when supplying the food stuff for the Indian army, the government has to select diligently a company that is able to deliver quality food stuff to the army. For any normal persons, the ability to perform their duties requires them to consume fresh and healthy food; hence the procurement of food in the army is done with the utmost care. The army also requires office supplies like electronic s and writing material. The Indian government chooses diligently when deciding on the supplier. They consider the financial credibility and the ability for the supplier to bring in a quality office supplies that will not fail while the army is in operations. Service supply like the repairing of the military equipment is also a key issue to keeping the army functional and able to perform i

The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson Essay Example for Free

The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson Essay The perception that Federalists were loose constructionists and that Jeffersonian Republicans were very strict constructionists was very well founded, but not accurate 100% of the time. The presidency of Thomas Jefferson mainly supported the theory that the Jeffersonian Republicans were strict constructionists. James Madisons presidency supported that theory as well. Both presidents, however, made exceptions to their general policies when an issue was just too big to fit inside the tiny box of their shared school of thought. Jefferson proved himself a constructionist most of the time he was in office. In August of 1800, Jeffersons first year in office, he sent a letter to Gideon Granger (document A) stating his support for the constitution and its basic principles, and also stating that Federalists opposed those principles by their loose interpretation of the document. He implies that loose interpretation leads to change, and in this case, that will create a strong national government that resembles a monarchy and doesnt adhere to the rights of states as guaranteed by the Constitution. In another letter, this time to Samuel Miller (document B) during his last year holding office, Jefferson reinforces the image of strict constructionism by stating that he intends to break the precedent established by his predecessors to better adhere to the Constitutions policy on separation of church and state. Jeffersons widely known philosophy that the National Bank should not be established because the Constitution didnt say that it could was another example of his strict constructionism (Blum). Blum also mentions that even in his first speech to Congress, Jefferson put the constraint on the ideas he presented them with that everything had to be done within the limits of their Constitutional powers. Madison, also being a Democratic-Republican, supported the same principles as Jefferson. Speaking for President Madison, Daniel Webster (document D) questioned Congress right to a military draft on the sole argument that the power is not written in the Constitution, and stated that if Congress to did things that the Constitution did not explicitly give them the right to do, they would be creating a dictator. In his own address to Congress (document H), Madison says that funds cannot be set apart for the development of  transportation because such a power is not expressly given by the Constitution. Both of these documents show his very strict constructionist side, and support that common characterization of the Republicans. Blum informs us that Madison even went so far at the end of his presidency as to veto the Bonus Bill because it seemed to give the national government power that the Constitution had not granted. Both presidents supported the characterization of the Republicans as strict constructionists, but in the interest of political popularity, they were forced to compromise that ideal many times. Jefferson, for example, could not immediately abolish Adams national bank because it would be too drastic a move for someone with his popularity, despite the fact that it was established without the Constitution granting that power to the federal government (Blum). Jeffersons most grand defiance of his strict interpretation of the Constitution was his purchase of the Louisiana Territory. Even though he was not given the power to purchase land in the Constitution, Jefferson couldnt pass up the opportunity to double the nations size at a time of such large-scale westward movement. After his presidency (1816), Jefferson wrote a letter to Samuel Kercheval (document G) that gave his support for change to the Constitution with change to the times, which is a very far leap from claiming that nothing could be done in the national government without the Constitution granting them the power to do it. Madison is guilty of the same deviations from typical Republican strict constructionist policy. He was attacked by John Randolph (document F) for being too much like a Federalist, particularly when using the national governments power to set tariffs like the one proposed in 1816. This was not the first time Madison was attacked for his pseudo-Federalist policies. He received abundant criticisms for his establishment of the American System. That system was based on powers not granted by the Constitution like the establishment of a second Bank of the United States and the building of the National Road (Blum). When judged by the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison, it would appear that the idea that Jeffersonian Republicans were strict constructionists. It would also appear that they chose certain times to be extreme hypocrits;  Jeffersons Louisiana Purchase and Madisons re-establishment of a national bank are just two of those instances. In general, they established a precedent that presidents could challenge the philosophies that they were elected for if it was in the nations best interest, or in their own. This precedent is still being followed today, and though it may very well be hypocritical and/or self-serving, it has occasionally been very beneficial for the American people when individual reasoning reigns over party philosophy.

National Integration Remains A Crucial Issue In Pakistan Politics Essay

National Integration Remains A Crucial Issue In Pakistan Politics Essay The present study aims to identify the important problems, which have been responsible for national disharmony and the negative impacts. The study is a stepping-stone, suggesting some concrete proposals, in order to achieve the objective of national integration. INTRODUCTION National Integration remains a crucial issue in Pakistan. There are various forces, which accentuate divisive factors like geography and culture of our country. Religious fundamentalism is one such force while linguistic diversities constitute another. Despite a shared culture for a long period, regionalism has remained a major force, which generates tension because of inequitable development amongst different provinces/regions of the Country. The FATA/FANA and Baluchistan are the best examples in this case, where people have been deprived of economic, political and social justice. All the above forces and factors pose a serious challenge for Pakistans integrity and unity. It is, therefore, necessary to make concerted efforts to strengthen the national integration. Quaid-e-Azam had envisioned that Pakistan would be a state, where all citizens would enjoy equal rights irrespective of caste, creed, sect, or place of birth  [1]  , but it could never become a reality. In a polarized and fragmented society like Pakistan, it is necessary to have the consent of all groups with regards to resolution of their genuine problems. This important aspect was never given a serious thought by political and military rulers. Despite all domestic odds, Pakistan has demonstrated genuine ability to survive as a viable Nation State. Considering the prevailing circumstances, the process of national integration has gained more significance and importance than ever. There is a need of following a correct and pragmatic approach with dispassionate analysis of all the issues jeopardizing the process of national integration. The task of national integration in a plural society like Pakistan is although arduous, yet it can be achieved by bringing in diverging forces together through a political system based on justice, equality and fair play. In order to find out a viable solution for achieving this objective, the following important questions need to be addressed:- Question 1. What are the disintegrating forces in Pakistan and how they can be brought together? Question 2. What are the pillars of national integration and how they can be strengthened? Question 3. What mechanism is needed to be devised to bring all the segments at par economically and politically? Question 4. Where lays our survival as a nation? Aim The identify the important problems being faced by Pakistan, which have been responsible for national disharmony, suggesting concrete proposals, in order to achieve the objective of national integration. PART 1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK NATIONAL INTEGRATION Nation and National Integration Nation. A nation is generally defined as a community knit together by common experience over reasonably long past, shaping a common religion, culture and tradition  [2]  . However, different societies have defined it differently according to their own environment. The word Nation comes form a Latin expression Natio, meaning birth or race  [3]  . Integration. The word in its literal sense means fitting together parts to make one whole or incorporation of disparate ethnic or religious elements of the population into a unified society, providing equality of opportunity for all members of that society  [4]  . Keeping in view the definition, Integration can be categorized in Functional and Psychological domains  [5]  . Determinants of National Integration National Objective. National goals are determined from time to time depending upon the national needs. National objectives are the specific Ends that a nation seeks in order to advance, support or defend its national interests.  [6]   Ideology. Ideology means the science or study of ideas. In general sense it refers to the specific manner in which a group of persons thinks  [7]  . Nationalism can develop into a uniting and sufficiently aggressive force, only if the requisite emotional and ideological base exists; but ordinarily, this sentiment takes centuries to mature.  [8]   Religion. Religion is one of the strongest bonds in an ideological state and an essential element of national integration being a sanction of unity. It provides an additional source of pride to the nation and affects national character and habits. In Islam, the loyalty o the Muslims to one another has been institutionalized by the concept of Ummah.  [9]   Language. Language is one of the most enduring artefacts of a peoples culture, and unless people are forced by any system of dominance or conquest, their language can always determine the peoples social physics and history.  [10]   Culture. National integration in multi-cultural states is untenable without an entrenched public culture because this comprises the values shared by all groups and constitutes the common grounds on which the diverse groups conceptualize and appreciate the state.  [11]   Leadership. An effective leader is naturally integrative, who brings together people of different culture, races, genders, personalities and stages of development and integrates them into a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts.  [12]   PART 2 NATIONAL INTEGRATION MOSAIC OF PAKISTAN Religious Facade of Pakistan It was clear as early as pre-independence times that, given the immense ethnic diversity of Pakistan and the strong centrifugal forces, the new state would urgently need a common denominator and that was Islam. Apparently, the religious ideology as the basis of the state was viewed as a tool for nation-building and thwarting possible Indian designs to reject the creation of Pakistan.  [13]   After independence, the religious differences were aggravated by the Ulemas on the basis of sectarianism. The saboteurs launched by anti-state elements fully exploited these differences and religious strength started turning into national weakness  [14]  . In retrospect, what we have now is a divided society on the lines of sectarianism, propagating extreme forms of de-faced shape of the Islam. Religion, instead of serving a unifying force, is now acting as a component of disunity and disharmony. Misconceived Perceptions. The rationale for Pakistans independence notwithstanding, we failed to identify and consolidate other factors that could have contributed towards national integration and societal cohesion in the newly independent state. We remained confused, and still are, as to be a Nation State or Religion State? The results are there in front of us i.e. FATA, FANA, Swat and Baluchistan. Large sections of the population, especially those in the minority provinces, have become increasingly disillusioned  [15]  . Weak Democratic Roots. Democracy could not establish its roots at the time of our independence due to short sightedness of our politicians. The leadership vacuum created in the early years of our history denied us the opportunity of developing a stable political system of governance during various periods ranging from parliamentary and presidential forms, authoritarian system and so on  [16]  . It was the incompetence of Pakistans post-Jinnah political leadership that drew the armed forces heavily into politics and policy-making  [17]  . Political instability, the rampant corruption of the political and bureaucratic à ©lite, and poor governance have given birth to public scepticism of the prevalent system  [18]  . Political/Constitutional Issues. Our political institutions have yet not grown strong enough on power sharing and to fight against the divisive force, which have been working to disintegrate Pakistan. The politicians of Pakistan have been engrossed with internal feuds group, religious sects, economic classes, and leading personalities  [19]  . Regional Diversity. For Pakistan, regionalism had emerged with different complexion. Even the common religion, flag and national ideology could not fully blend Pakistanis together as one entity until today. Ethnic Diversity. Pakistani nation is fairly diverse. Ethnically, Punjabis are dominating followed by Pathans and Sindhis. Punjab-based establishment is looked upon by the rest of the population as well as the dominance of the so-called migratory à ©lite, originating from regions in todays India. There are numerous macro level ethnic identities Lingual Diversity. The lingual diversity became apparent after independence. In case of East Pakistan, we failed to understand that nations are composed of human being, whose deep feelings about such questions as their mother tongue, should not be ignored easily  [20]  . The linguistic differences intensified the problem of national integration and result was riots in most parts of the Country,  [21]  that ultimately cost us separation of our Eastern wing. Economic Irritants. Defining the economic aims and selecting realistic objectives based on economic potential and framework is a pre-requisite for giving out attainable policies. Frequent policy changes due to vested interests of groups, have created instability and impaired credibility of macro economic measures. Social Justice. Inefficient state agencies, selective application of law, and ever-increasing corruption are breeding a culture of negativism in Pakistan. Disparity between the rich and the poor is leading to frustration, misuse of power, and lawlessness. Military Involvement in Civilian Affairs. Army influence in political decision making started with induction of uniformed Ayub Khan in the cabinet as Defence Minister, an since then it has had very negative effect on the society. This has been one of the major cause for the many ills in the society. Role of Bureaucracy. Bureaucratic traditions that came to influence after independence, were essentially a legacy from the British. It has now become a two Way Street where bureaucracy openly seeks political patronage for personal gains and in turn provides personalized service to the politicians. PART 3 PRESENT IRRITANTS TO NATIONAL INTEGRATION OF PAKISTAN FATA and Swat Situation. The Taliban movement in Fata and the NWFP wants to replace the FCR with a medieval legal framework, that is reminiscent of the Arab tribal era. Inability of successive governments to integrate the region into national mainstream brings to fore certain key issues, which have directly or indirectly contributed to its prolonged isolation. Negligence on the part of state institutions, parochial political interests and the naivetà © of the rural folk have given birth to a militant culture that thrives on vandalism, brutality and anarchy  [22]  . Baluchistan Issue. The situation in Baluchistan is a cause of major concern for national integrity. Baloch nationalists are mooting the insurgency as a struggle for greater political autonomy, more control over and royalties from the regions abundant mineral resources, chiefly the gas-fields and against the new cantonments in the Province. The weaponry and communication means being employed by the insurgents thumbprint the foreign power. Economic Turmoil. The current chaotic state of global finance has invalidated the existing orthodoxy in macroeconomic management.  [23]  We are once again on the mercy of IMF after conceding to a $7.6 billons Standby Arrangement signed in November 2008. Global recession has also added to the miseries of people who are vulnerable to be exploited by interest groups, for their vested interests. Worsening Law and Order Situation. Insecure citizens are vulnerable to anti-state and anti-social elements, thereby becoming a liability to national integration. Improving law and order is a major challenge for the nations socio-political integration. If the constitution and the rule of law are not adhered to, such a federation essentially turns into an empire that is controlled by powerful ethnic and social groups  [24]  . Judicial System. Post March 2007 Judicial Crisis, has added tremendously to the miseries of aggrieved people. In this vacuum, Islamic clerics, present their version of judicial system, which by no way, present the true picture of Islam. Recent Governments conceding to Tehrik-e-Shariat-Muhammds brokered deal with local militant leaders on the plea of shariat enforcement, should be an eye opener for rest of the society. Religious Militancy. The phenomenal increase in number of deeni madaris has not only increased sectarianism but also introduced militancy in the Country  [25]  . There are more than 50,000 madrasas operating in Pakistan  [26]  . Lal Masjid incident has been a turning point to the phenomena. Decayed Education System. The literacy rate of the Country is alarming at 49.9%  [27]  , especially in female population, which forms more than 50% of total population. Deep ingress of political parties into the educational institutions is causing divisions. Parallel education systems are segregating the society into classes. Federal Provincial Matters. Concurrent list, quota system, NFC awards, share of divisible pool etcetera and many other legislative provisions, work against the aspirations of the people of smaller provinces for socio-economic and political development. PART 4 THE WAY FORWARD Ideological Issues Ideological Orientation. Fresh ideas aimed at finding new common grounds should be explored and additional cohesive factors identified in order to hold the nation together. National integration in the case of Pakistan should mean establishing a common citizenry, common political and social structures, a common State, and an additional sense of identity, of belonging together. It means building commonality on top of the existing linguistic, ethnic, religious and geographical diversity, and not substituting an artificial new identity for the old ones. Concept of Unity in Diversity. We should subscribe to Weiners public policy strategy for achieving national integration through Unity-in-diversity  [28]  . With inter-provincial economic relations fast developing, unity in diversity appears a realistic national aspirations.  [29]  Rather than suppressing or subjugating the diverse elements, we must chisel these diversities into a fine mosaic. Inculcating Concept of Nationalism. There is a need to develop Pakistani nationalism which should give people the feeling that despite differences, they are people destined for common statehood. This can be done through:- Parity is an inalienable right of all the regions and provinces of Pakistan. The rights of the provinces and autonomy consonant with national interests and agreed in 1973 constitution have to be assured. Pay heed to Quaids motto: Unity, Discipline and Faith (in the same order). Political Issues Political Structure. After practicing all forms of governance, the draw is in favour of a parliamentary form of government, as envisioned in the 1973 constitution (in original shape). Following need consideration:- Pakistans leadership may need to update and even revise its strong centre ideology in favour of more pronounced regional autonomy. Re-demarcation and increase in number of constituencies. Establish autonomous and independent Election Commission. Establish powerful, reliable and neutral accountability body. Bar on minimum education qualification for candidates to contest the elections be lifted. Political Parties Political parties must be made to organize themselves on democratic lines with transparency in their party elections, discipline as well as accounts. If political party obtains less than five percent votes in general election its registration with Election Commission be terminated by law. Political parties must not be allowed by law to influence the working of political activities of student unions in college/universities. Politician elected to hold a government office to relinquish party portfolio. Governance Issues Changing the Administrative Model. We need to change British colonialism administrative model ruthlessly and invent our own. A step towards this direction has already been taken with adoption of Local Government Plan. However, some of the serious reservations of the provinces should be addressed in the new system, to make it more acceptable. Social Justice. Problem of rising unemployment needs to he tackled in a pragmatic manner. Social action programme for education, health, empowerment of women, and population control, is the need of the hour. To avert the social conflicts turning into communal conflicts, establishment of social equilibrium is an essential condition for national integration. Improvement of Judiciary System Judiciary be given constitutional guarantee of its independence to work free of pressure. Judges of superior courts be paid handsomely keeping in view the sensitive and critical nature of their duties. Appointment of superior court judges be on non party basis and free of political strings. Rationalization of NFC Awards. The centre should divide the divisible resources as per agreed formulas strictly in accordance with the awards as per the constitution. We have to revise NFC formula, wherein overt weightage on population should be rationalized by giving more weightage to backwardness, area and revenue generation. More Active Council of Common Interests (CCI). Constitutionally, CCI is just the right forum to discuss the various inter-provincial and federal-provincial irritants, like Net Proceeds Royalties, Concurrent Legislative List vis-à  -vis Provincial Autonomy, Representation of Federating Units in the Top Bureaucracy and Quota System etc. Cohesive Education Policy Cleavages between traditional Islamic educational institutions and modern educational institutions (including elitist pattern), be removed. Maximum incentive to private sector to open schools in rural areas. Their fees and standard may, however, be monitored. Curriculum be made realistic and uniform for all provinces with better quality textbook at subsidised rates. Mismatch between educational preparation and job specification be reduced through vocational training. Urdu language should also be employed as a vehicle to develop cultural unity, common identity and a shared future. Provinces may be allowed to retain the regional languages as a subject after primary level. Bolstering Religious Harmony Islams message of universal tolerance, of peace and respect should be propagated to foster harmony among various religious schools of thought. All the religious militant groups be disarmed with a highhanded policy. Steps be taken for tracking down verified terrorist groups and the concerned countries be diplomatically perused to take necessary steps against these groups. Already chalked out Madrasa Strategy be followed in true letter and spirit. FATA/FANA and Swat Situation We have to bring FATA/FANA into mainstream by initiating process of Land Settlement and promote urbanization, increased focus on Human Resource Development, exploit drivers of growth i.e. minerals and horticulture, development of industries on fringes of FATA and facilitate early creation of Reconstruction Opportunity Zones. We should also initiate dialogue with all the factions fighting against the state machinery in Swat and FATA to address their grievances through political means. Baluchistan Issue Instead of marginalizing the nationalist elements, we need to bring them on board. Two-pronged strategy of Dialogue and Development is the only way to address deprivation. Where applicable, selective use of limited force may also be undertaken as last resort. To address the grievance of the Province, there is a requirement for the Federal Government to invest heavily in raising more job opportunities in the Province. Economic Policies An increasing development budget is essential to overcoming the negative effects of social fragmentation and illiteracy-fed Islamic fundamentalism. Every effort must be made to do away with disparity and economic disequilibrium between the various classes, regions, areas and provinces. The economically backward areas should be brought into the mainstream through education, modernization, mass media of communication, general economic developments, well-being and progress and through an effective system of roads, transportation and communication. Eliminating Unemployment Economic Revival Package for the revival of industries to stimulate production and investment. Government should announce a package for the development of agriculture sector. More Technical and Vocational training facilities should be provided. With a view to reduce educated unemployment; self-employment schemes should be encouraged in true manners. CONCLUSION National integration permits a heterogeneous nation like Pakistan to live in peace, harmony and unity. It is an important element of the nations power potential and binds its military, economical and political strengths. Pakistan has sub-nationalist undercurrents, which run along ethnic lines, seeking their share of national pie and, at times, threatening secession from the federation. Whenever, Pakistans national integration suffered, the underlying causes were political expediencies and lust for power. This research will be a stepping-stone, suggesting some concrete proposals, in order to achieve the objective of national integration. In the wake of the current situation prevailing in the country, where the nation is in despair and gradually losing hope and optimism, the research is very significant to find out the way forward for coming out of the current crisis.

Nuclear Waste Essay -- Ocean Dumping Environmental Essays

Nuclear Waste Introduction The Earth's oceans cover approximately three-fourths of the world's surface. Less than one century ago, it would have been difficult to imagine that humans could significantly pollute these vast bodies of water. For as long as there have been human inhabitants along the coast, people have been utilizing the ocean as a dumping ground for garbage and other rubbish. Although several view the ocean as endless and thus, having plenty of room for the waste; this belief is not true. The ocean can not accommodate dumpings without being permanently damaged. Furthermore, the immense technological revolution of the last century has increased society's ability to cause greater damage to the world's oceans. Nuclear Industry The development of nuclear industry has been a cornerstone for the world's technological revolution. Since the discovery of fission more than a half century ago, nuclear power has become a major source of the world's electricity supply. By 1989, 416 nuclear power plants were in operation, thus providing approximately seventeen percent of the world's electricity (Waczewski, 1997). With more than one hundred nuclear operating plants, the United States easily gains the title as having the world's largest nuclear energy program. Radioactive Waste However, utilizing nuclear power has several implications. One of the most severe is that nuclear technology produces a great amount of toxic waste that remains radioactive for thousands of years. Thus, the waste must be disposed of in a safe manner so to avoid the contamination of future generations. Ocean Dumping Regulation The government's Ocean Dumping Regulation of 1989 severely limits what can be disposed of in the oceans. The... ...her damage that can be caused by nuclear waste. One possible solution is to further research the recycling of radioactive materials. In the United States, research in this area of nuclear waste recycling has not been tested to its greatest potential. Conclusion The relationship between the ocean and nuclear waste will continue for thousands of years. This is due to the vast quantities of radioactive waste that has already been dumped into the ocean. However, it is our responsibility to protect the environment and to ensure the Earth for future generations. Nuclear recycling is a plausible solution and it is not too late to expedite the research in this area. References Trudeau, Rebecca, The Ocean Dumping Act; University of Florida,1994. Waczewski, James, Legal, Political, and Scientific Response to Ocean Dumping, Florida State University, 1997.

Guiseppe Garibaldi :: essays research papers

Giuseppe Garibaldi, b. Nice, France; July 4, 1807, d. Caprera, Italy; June 2, 1882. He was known as Italy's most brilliant soldier of the Risorgimento (the Italian Unification), and one of the greatest guerrilla fighters of all time. While serving (1833-34) in the navy of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, he came under the influence of Giuseppe Mazzini, the prophet of Italian nationalism. He took part in an abortive republican uprising in Piedmont in 1834. Under a death sentence, he managed to escape to South America, where he lived from 1836 to 1848. There he took part in struggles in Brazil and helped Uruguay in its war against Argentina, commanding its small navy and, later, an Italian legion at Montevideo. The warrior achieved international fame through the publicity of his elder Alexandre Dumas. Wearing his colorful gaucho costume, Garibaldi returned to Italy in April 1848 to fight in its war of independence. His exploits against the Austrians in Milan and against the French forces supporting Rome and the Papal States made him a national hero. Overpowered at last in Rome, Garibaldi and his men had to retreat through central Italy in 1849. Anita, his wife and companion-in-arms, died during this retreat. Disbanding his men, Garibaldi again escaped abroad, where he lived successively in North Africa, the United States, and Peru. The "hero of two worlds" could not return to Italy until 1854. In 1859 he helped Piedmont in a new war against Austria, leading a volunteer Alpine force that captured Varese and Como. In May 1860, Garibaldi set out on the greatest venture of his life, the conquest of Sicily and Naples. This time he had no governmental support, but Premier Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel II dared not stop the popular hero. They stood ready to help, but only if he proved successful. Sailing from near Genoa on May 6 with 1,000 Red shirts, Garibaldi reached Marsala, Sicily, on May 11 and proclaimed himself dictator in the name of Victor Emmanuel. At the Battle of Calatafimi (May 30) his guerrilla force defeated the regular army of the king of Naples. A popular uprising helped him capture Palermo--a brilliant success that convinced Cavour that Garibaldi's volunteer army should now be secretly supported by Piedmont. Garibaldi crossed the Strait of Messina on August 18-19 and in a whirlwind campaign reached Naples on September 7. On October 3-5 he fought another battle on the Volturno River, the biggest of his career.

Ethical Leadership Essay

Introduction The topic Ethical Leadership is more complex than meets the eye. It means leadership that knows what is right and acting based on those guidelines. The question that should be asked then is â€Å"what is right?† Once the ethical course of action is determined the leader must then have the integrity and fortitude to proceed with that course of action. In addition to decision making ethical leadership also implies that a leader must be ethical in their attitudes and interactions. This essay seeks to inform about the practice of ethical leadership and its value to an organization The Practice of Ethical Leadership In order to understand the practice of Ethical Leadership it must be broken down to its constituent terms; Leadership and Ethics. Leadership is defined as a process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid and support of others to accomplish a common task (Chemers, 1997). Ethical leadership is when the leader demonstrates integrity and trustworthiness to convince employees to buy his vision (Dirks & Ferrin, 2002). In order to demonstrate his integrity and trustworthiness the ethical leader is a people-oriented person (Resick, et. al, 2006) who motivates people towards accomplishing the goals of the group instead of personal benefit. Ethical leader must look within himself and upon reliable sources for guidance in determining what is ethical. Laws, Culture, Religion, and even personal upbringing can be sources of the framework for ethical leadership. The reason why the sources are so varied is because the ‘right’ in doing what is right is not always fixed in stone. While some ethics are immutable, such as lying to a business partner or stealing company materials, other are less so. For example, dissent or talking back to superiors is strictly taboo in  Oriental cultures but it calm disagreement is tolerated in western organizations. In order to have a clear set of ethical guidelines it is often preferable to have well-known company ethical standards. These standards can often be gleaned from a company’s mission vision statement. But it would be best practice if they were clearly spelled out and publicly available. Means of publication can include printing with the company handbook and / or placing copies of company ethics in frequented areas such as the pantry or reception. By making the ethical standards clear and ubiquitous it will be difficult for leaders to derogate from them without consequences. The practice of ethical leadership requires that the leader adheres to the ethical standards of the company at all times even when no one is looking. If the leader is unable to follow ethical practices and his subordinates learn of this he will be viewed as a hypocrite and his attempts to impose ethical leadership will fall on deaf ears. A leader’s integrity must be beyond reproach if he is to expect his subordinates to follow his example. Value of Ethical Leadership to an Organization Recent events like the Enron scandal, the Sub-prime mortgage crisis, and the financial meltdown that followed are just a few examples of what happens in the absence of ethical leadership. In those circumstances the desire for profits overpowered ethical considerations. Of particular noteworthiness was that during the sub-prime crisis people who were likely not responsible enough to make housing loans were pressured to contract such loans by predatory leaders who were merely trying to meet their quota. Then the Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs) were sold to a public that was not sophisticated enough to understand what the CDOs really were. Enron was scandalized beyond repair. The largest banks in America continue to bear the stigma of the subprime crisis. Their brands have been permanently afflicted. Had their leadership been ethical then they would not have consented to such actions. A reputation for integrity and ethical leadership can only build up an organization’s brand. Known ethical acts can also increase the popularity of a brand in the eyes of the public such as when Costco pays its workers better than minimum wages. On a more down to earth level an ethical leader is respected by his subordinates and will be better able to coax performance from them. Subordinates are less likely to do unethical acts if their  leaders are ethical. Hence, even just one ethical leader in the chain of command can have a ripple effect upon his fellow workers. Conclusion In conclusion ethical leadership is difficult because knowing the right and ethical course of action is difficult. Worse, the temptation to take the expedient or easy path that is unethical can be very strong. The lucrative and unethical is always an attractive choice for anyone engaged in business. But an ethical leader can have a multiplier effect upon his organization and help build its reputation to those around it. References Chemers M. (1997) An integrative theory of leadership. Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. In Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 611- 628. Resick, C. J., Hanges, P. J., Dickson, M. W., & Mitchelson, J. K. (2006). A cross-cultural examination of the endorsement of ethical leadership in Journal of Business Ethics, 63, 345-359.

Child of Divorce Essay

Divorce is becoming a norm in the society nowadays. This refers to the complete termination of marriage between the couple who demands for it. Through the dissolution of the bonds of matrimony, both parties are allowed to marry again (Gallagher, 1996). However, opposing views are prevailing regarding divorce. For those who are in favor of it, divorce can be regarded as the only legitimate remedy when happiness and affection are no longer provided in the marriage (Scanzoni 1965). For those who are against it, divorce causes psychological problems and damage to social cohesion (Diefenbach, 2007). Divorce is not just the story of the couple parting ways but it is more of a story of the children who are products of a divorced marriage. â€Å"Human children need parents longer than any other species and are totally dependent on parents for food, shelter, and protection for the first several years of life. This dependency spawns a fear of abandonment. In divorce, one of the parents leaves. When one parent leaves, the children feel rejected. The loss children feel at divorce is similar to that experienced when a parent dies. Divorce might actually be harder on children because it lacks the concrete cause and finality of death (Bryner, 2001). † This causes most of the children of divorce to be more aggressive, impulsive and develop antisocial behavior compared to children from intact families (Hetherington, 1999). Others also exhibit lower academic performance (Kelly, 1998). However, some children manage to develop without these deleterious effects of divorce. As a matter of fact, these children are found to have less stereotyped sex behavior, greater maturity and greater independence (Emery, 1995). The developmental stage of the child when the divorce of his parents occurs is predictive of the child’s behavior and reaction towards the situation. An infant or a toddler will not react at all to his parents’ divorce because he can’t still comprehend the situation. However, a preschooler will tend to blame himself as the culprit of his parents’ divorce. Because he feels guilty and fears that the remaining parent may also leave him, he becomes more possessive of his parent (Roseby, 1998). For a young school-aged child, the divorce of his parents gives him a sense of responsibility. He feels that he should bring his parents together again and think of strategies that will make his parents interact in any way (Lansky, 1996). On the other hand, older school-aged children tend to blame one parent and take the side of the other parent. They become anxious and worrisome of the situation which makes them prone to illnesses such as headaches, sleeping disorders, chest pains, diabetes and asthma (Kimball, 1994). The reaction is more deleterious with adolescents who entirely mask their reactions. They switch to other outlets such as peers, sex, alcohol and drugs because they hate being bothered by their parents’ lives (Thompson, 1998). I have a friend named Diane. Fourteen years ago, her parents separated by divorce. Back then, she was only turning three and didn’t know anything about the chaotic situation between her parents. She was left to the custody of her mother while her father was just obliged by the court to provide some financial assistance. Everything went well with this arrangement until she entered primary school where she had greater monetary needs. Unfortunately, her father had another family and was compelled to reduce the money sent to her. This was the reason why her mother was obligated to work in order to support her. Because her mother became busy in her work, Diane was always left with her grandmother whenever she was off from school. It was only through her grandmother that everything regarding her family became clear. She hated the fact that her own mother concealed their broken family from her and would always say that her father is just working in a far away place. She realized that she will never have his father back and that her fantasies of having a complete family would never be real. That time, she began to skip classes in school and whenever she would attend a lecture, she never participates in the recitation. She also failed our exams. I was really worried about the big change in her behavior because she used to be the top student of our class. I just learned about her family problem when she never attended classes for a week and her mother came to our school looking for her. One of our classmates revealed that Diane eloped with her boyfriend. I can’t forget the face of Diane’s mother crying and blaming herself for what had happened to her daughter. After that, I never saw Diane again. The last news I heard about her was that she is living with her mother again. She broke up with her boyfriend but gave birth to a baby boy, who, like her, is a child of divorce. Diane’s story is just one of the millions of stories which we can get from the life of a child from a broken family. In her case, the effects of divorce were appalling because of the lack of effective communication. It would have been better if both her parents explained to her the situation and the reasons why they should have divorce. When Diane learned that her parents were already divorced, she was very frustrated because she fantasized of having a complete family when her father returns from work. She also felt betrayal because her mother never told her what’s real. These extreme negative emotions changed her attitude and made her rebel against the situation. Also, Diane’s mother was very preoccupied in her work that’s why she was not able to keep an eye on the performance of her daughter in school. If only she did, maybe she was able to help Diane solve her emotional problems at an early stage. After all, divorce can really cause a big scar but it doesn’t really have to. References: Bryner, C. L. (2001). Children of Divorce. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Practice;14:201–10. Diefenbach, H. and Opp, K. D. (2007). When and Why Do People Think There Should Be a Divorce? http://rss. sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/19/4/485. Emery, R. E. and Coiro, M. J. (1995). Divorce: consequences for children. Pediatric Review;16:306 –10. Gallagher, M. (1996). The Abolition of Marriage. Regnery Publishing. Hetherington, E. M. and Stanley-Hagan M. (1999). The adjustment of children with divorced parents: a risk andresiliency perspective. Journal of Child Psychology; 40:129–40. Kelly, J. B. (1998). Marital conflict, divorce, and children’s adjustment. Child Adolescent Psychiatry;7:259 –71. Kimball, G. (1994). How to survive your parents’ divorce: kids’ advice to kids. Chico, California: Equality Press. Lansky, V. (1996). Divorce book for parents helping your child cope with divorce and its aftermath. Minnetonka, MN: Book Peddlers. Roseby, V. and Johnston J. R. (1998). Common developmental threats in high-conflict divorcing families. Child Adolescent Psychiatry;7:295–309. Scanzoni, J. (1965). A Reinquiry into Marital Disorganization. Journal of Marriage and the Family 27: 483–91. Thompson, P. (1998). Adolescents from families of divorce: vulnerability to physiological and psychological disturbances. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Service;36(3):34 –9.

Envirofit Company Essay

1. It is appropriate to consider Envirofit to be a social enterprise because their main focus is innovation, risk taking, and large-scale transformation to solve social problems. Envirofit is doing so by bringing sustainable clean energy solution to solve health and energy challenges on a global level at the lowest possible cost. They are combining resources while exploring and exploiting opportunities to create social value by stimulating social change or meeting social needs. They are meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet that need. In this case the need is clean air. Envirofit’s approach to shared value is to make a difference by focusing on energy and pollution reduction, and health and economic improvement. They wanted to create and economical value and also create value for society by addressing its needs and challenges. Envirofit hoped to reduce pollution by developing commercializing a retrofit kit that dramatic ally reduced emissions in dirty two-stroke carbureted motorcycle engines. Their approach was to transform their business thinking, recognizing societal weaknesses and create a way of solving both. The social problem Envirofit is attempting to solve is air pollution while increasing the income of the drivers through increased fuel mileage. Envirofit offer it’s investors a good reputation and a triple bottom line by giving them the chance to go beyond the traditional measures of profit but also include environmental and social dimensions. They would be more focused on profits, people, and the planet instead of just profits. 2. The Envirofit’s two stroke motorcycle engine conversion kit described as being targeted at the â€Å"base of the pyramid† because the taxi drivers are considered micro-entrepreneurs; using the small amount of money they earn to support their families. They typically earn $3-$5 per day after all their expenses. These drivers are in the largest and poorest socioeconomic group. The impact this has on Envirofit’s business model is that it would be challenging to find ways so that the drivers can purchase the kit at a reasonable price. It would be challenging to come up with a business model that would meet their triple bottom line objectives, allow for scalability, and provide the ability to raise start-up capital. The factors that they need to take into consideration include: the market, the customer, and the competition. 3. One of the biggest obstacles to be overcome would be  developing a business model that would enable them to sell to customers in base of the pyramid markets and meet their triple bottom line objectives. Finding a way that motorcycle drivers could afford the projected price of the kit ($220), which is a significant money to the drivers because they make less than five dollars a day, little money saved, and little access to commercial credit. They would also need to learn the market, manufacturing, finance, regulatory, and cultural issues that the venture would face. Another obstacle is to provide a kit that would be commercially available, durable, and reliable. It also needs to have less power draw on the motorcycle and easy and inexpensive to install. 4. If I was offered the opportunity to join the venture as one of its key members, I would evaluate the long term impact of the venture. If it’s something that has the potential to make significant changes in the environment especially in third-world countries, I would definitely accept the offer. From what I read, it all sounds like a great plan but it needs lots of work and effort and I would definitely make the sacrifice because I think it would pay off in the long run. 5. I would look for start-up capital among the members of the ventures before looking anywhere else. It is very important for the members to invest first that way they can show potential investors that they are serious about their venture. I would also turn to nonprofit organizations and large corporations that are interested in making profits as well as helping the environment.

Comparison of the Social Sciences

MORELAND: HUMAN BEHAVIOR PESPECTIVES COMPARISON PAPER AND PRESENTATION 1 HUMAN BEHAVIOR PESPECTIVES COMPARISON PAPER ON DIVERSITY PRESENTATION JANICE MORELAND SSC101 HUMAN BEHAVIOR PERSPECTIVE SAINT LEO UNIVERSITY INSTRUCTOR: ALOMA MENDOZA JUNE 4, 2012 1 Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=2132524 MORELAND: HUMAN BEHAVIOR PESPECTIVES COMPARISON PAPER AND PRESENTATION 2 ABSTRACT This paper is a critical comparison between the human behavior disciplines of anthropology, psychology, and sociology. This assessment is an observation of a social, political and cultural conflict that can be solved with compromise.The issue will analyze behavior using the social science perspective of anthropology, psychology, and sociology as a multimedia presentation. It emphasizes the importance of cultural diversity and reflects the values of Respect and Community for people of other cultures. Keywords: altruism, diversity, self-actualization, community, philosophy, living, community, happiness, wellbeing, respect. 2 Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=2132524 MORELAND: HUMAN BEHAVIOR PESPECTIVES COMPARISON PAPER AND PRESENTATION 3 Anthropology Who Am I Cultural DiversityPsychology Why Am I Different Diversity = Differences Sociology What Influences You and Me and How Can We Survive Together with our Differences Compromise = Allowing me to be Different without you giving up your integrity THE ROLE OF ANTHROPOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY First, the study of anthropology profiles human behavior and cultural diversity based upon ethnicity, race, gender and national origin. This anthropological study of human behavior tells us the mores, work ethics, taboos, social constructs, social institutions, religion, family structure, hierarchy of social structures (popular and subcultures) and needs.Secondly, the study of anthropology equates to a psychological profile of a particular culture, ethnic group, race, or gender and their belief systems, lear ning, motivations, and perceptions. Therefore, the psychological profile of a particular region, culture, race or ethnic group tells us what sociology or social influences and biological influences have on the behavior of that particular group that motivates, enhances, destroys or influences change in that on a particular culture. 3 MORELAND: HUMAN BEHAVIOR PESPECTIVES COMPARISON PAPER AND PRESENTATION ***Clip Art by Microsoft word*** In 1980, a lawsuit was filed: Keebler Co. v. Rovira Biscuit Corp. , 624 F2d 366 (1980). This lawsuit was a dispute about who owns the title to the word â€Å"export sodas† to identify a generic term for â€Å"soda crackers†. Expert Sodas was a generic term that meant the same as Soda Crackers and Keebler wanted to hold exclusive rights to it. Well Rovira Biscuit Corp had been using the name and made a knockoff package to look like Keebler and Keebler didn’t like it.Therefore, Keebler took an aggressive action by demanding that it h old title to the name. Well, the courts didn’t see it quite that way and looked for middle ground where all might not be totally happy, but not completely dissatisfied; the court allowed Keebler to keep the name based upon state specific areas and Rovira to use the other term in Puerto Rico where everyone knew what both names meant. Therefore, both got what they wanted and were able to operate without hostility or interference and everyone knew what both words meant. Justia, 1980) The moral to this story is that if you want to prevent stagnation then compromise is the answer, it’s the way America maintains domestic tranquility. What is based upon religion is that 4 MORELAND: HUMAN BEHAVIOR PESPECTIVES COMPARISON PAPER AND PRESENTATION 5 and what is considered a secular idea with the same meaning can have a different name with the same rights. There are some paradigm shifts that can destroy or enhance. The question is anyone willing to compromise to get results?In concl usion, the study of anthropology which gives all of the facts of a culture based upon culture, region, race, gender and ethnicity. Psychology says that you can use the information from the study of anthropology model a psychological profile or the mindset of a particular culture, race, region or ethnic group to determine what they will or will not do. Sociology says that based upon the study of anthropology and psychology, political leaders, social institutions, businesses, and others can determine what social constructs or social institutions to use as a device for change. MORELAND: HUMAN BEHAVIOR PESPECTIVES COMPARISON PAPER AND PRESENTATION 6 REFERENCES: Bing. (2012) A view from the right. (picture) Retrieved June 3, 2012 from http://aviewfromtheright. com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/diverse-people. jpg Justia. (1980). Keebler Co. v. Rovira Biscuit Corp. , 624 F2d 366 (1980). Retrieved June 3, 2012 from http://law. justia. com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/624/366/312997/). ) Retr 6

Daisy Miller a Hero Essay

A hero is a person, whom no matter what the situation is, always seems to be able to approach situation with a fearless and courageous attitude, and can is often admired by many. The novel Daisy Miller by Henry James is a fictional story about the life of an American girl in Europe and the situations that she experiences. Daisy reacts to these situations with a fearless and courageous approach. Her actions seem to affect every character in the story and are misperceived by many. Daisy consistently had the courage to stand up to the other Americans, the characters who adapted to the European culture, even though they continued to pressure her, and prevailed by not conforming to European society. Daisy is a hero in this story because of the way she approached and handled situations. A major conflict in the story is the clash of American culture and European culture. Daisy is constantly thrown into situations where she is pressured to conform to some traditional European way of doing things. Daisy does not let this pressure get to her. She instead continues to act without fear of what might happen to her. The text shows many examples of this. A major cultural conflict that happened in the novel is when Daisy is walking around the Pinchio with Mr. Winterbourne and Mr. Giovanelli. Mrs. Walker comes up in her carriage and begs Daisy to get in because of what her reputation might become since she was walking around with two men ( ). After Daisy refuses, Mrs. Walker says â€Å"should you prefer being thought a very reckless girls? and even gets Mr Winterbourne involved by having him give his opinion which lined up with Mrs. Walker’s( ). After examining the text, the reader sees that Daisy responds with a very fearless and courageous way, which in a way can also be compared to a quote from Emerson’s Self Reliance, â€Å"to be great, is to be misunderstood. † â€Å"â€Å"If this is improper, Mrs Walker,† she persued, â€Å"then I am all improper, and you must give me up†Ã¢â‚¬  is a quote that beautifully illustrates Daisy’s heroic personally by not being intimidated from the pressures of society. Another conflict in the novel was that at certain places at certain times, the chances of getting malaria were very high. While many of the locals decided to stay away from these areas, Daisy chose to not live fear. This fearlessness that Daisy displayed, led to Mr. Winterbourne confronting her and Mr. Giovanelli at the coliseum late at night about her catching the Roman fever (). Giovanelli responded to Winterbourne by saying he informed Daisy it was a â€Å"grave indiscretion† which Daisy responded with prudence (). Even now that Daisy was severely warned about the disease she still showed no fear and showed how she could be an inspiration to other women by saying she had a lovely time seeing the coliseum by moonlight and if she felt any danger she would take some pills (). â€Å"I don’t care,† said Daisy in a little strange tone, â€Å"whether I have Roman fever or not† shows how Daisy would not let fear dictate her life( ). Daisy Miller was a hero because of the fearless qualities that she displayed in the novel Daisy Miller. She may not display the common stereotypes of other fictionalized heroes such as flying or x-ray vision, but she does have influence on people, especially women, on how they can act regardless of what culture they are from. This view on life is very important because it shows young women, that they are empowered to handle situations anyway they like. Even when she died, many people showed up to her funeral and admired her. Giovanelli even stated at her funeral that out of all the women she was the â€Å"most innocent † ( ).

NYC Subway Strike in 2005 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

NYC Subway Strike in 2005 - Essay Example On the other side, the transit workers have bigger wages than the teachers although their work is unqualified . In December 2005 the contract between Transport Workers Union and Metropolitan Transportations Authority expired so they had to sign another one. The two parts didn't agree because the Union asked wages too big and the MTA wanted to increase the retirement age from 55 to 62 and the retirement funds would have been reduced. These demands were considered unacceptable for the transit workers and MTA didn't drop out their requirements mostly because of the Taylor Law, which was very much used by the Metropolitan Authority during that period. The public employees fair employment(or the Taylor Law) defines the rights and obligations for public employees. If they have the right to organize and to elect their union representatives they are not allowed to strike. The fine for striking is twice the employees' salary for each day the strike lasts. MTA relied on this law and thought the workers will not strike. Christmas time was an important period for New York and the renewal of the contract overlapped with this moment. The Transport Workers Union took advantage of this, thinking that in this way they will obtain all their claims. The Union wanted raises of salary(6% per year for each of the five years of contract) , more expensive accommodation for maternity leave, finance for station maintenance , to lower the age of retirement from 55 to 66(while MTA wanted to raise it), improved health plans and a stronger pension fund. They didn't agree with the age of retirement or the percent for health insurance. One of the most intriguing demands of MTA was that the new workers should contribute to their pension plan with 6% of gross salary and to pay 1% for their health insurance and offered only 3.5% raise every year. However it should be specified that the average salary for a normal New Yorker is 45.000 dollars a year while that of an employee in public transportation is 51.000 dollars a year, with the mention that a bus or subway operator could earn even 63.000 dollars a year. During the strike seven million people were forced to go to work on foot or by bike , and the whole system almost collapsed .Some blamed the strikers for the crisis, saying that their wages are big enough for an unqualified work and some blamed MTA for taking advantage of the Taylor Law and having exaggerating demands. However 54% of the New Yorkers believed the complaints and requirements of the Union were fair and 36% didn't agree with it. The city was the one that suffered most from this crisis because all happened during the holidays and the tourist season when the city is like a throng. One thing is for sure none of the two parts didn't think at these. MTA thought they could ask anything because the Taylor Law would allow them and the Union speculated the period hoping that they will get what they want. The public response about who was responsible for the strike was once again divided: 41% said the both sides are guilty, 27% that MTA was to blame and 25% didn't agree with

Lifes too Short to Miss an Opportunity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lifes too Short to Miss an Opportunity - Essay Example My friends in school, teachers and my parents recognized my potential early on to visualize things in the least bit of detail and helped me hone this skill. I traveled to many places in Russia where I got the opportunity to look at the country's history, its magnificent architecture, its various cultures and the recent developments. After completing my high school in Russia, I came to the US at the age of 15 in pursuit of higher education but due to differences in standards, I had to complete my High School in the US as well. Pursuing a higher education career in Public Relations, I had to discontinue my education due to personal reasons and hence took an indefinite break from studies as a result. My life changed all of a sudden when at the age of 25 I was diagnosed with cancer. Looking at the bleakest time in my life, I realized that I should have done what I wanted rather than a career that I could never complete. Recovering from cancer was like living in another life, a never-endi ng journey resisting and fighting cancer all the way. Eventually, as I started getting better, I realized that all is not lost yet. My hardest time in my life had made me stronger. My will and devotion to my thoughts were firm when I finally decided that I needed to continue my education. This time I followed my heart and chose a field that I had an 'eye' for, not to mention my interest and passion.

External influence on health care organization Essay

External influence on health care organization - Essay Example P.R. Manager: External influences most applicable to the organization include political, trade and industry and socio-cultural, ecological and complementary external pressures upon healthcare policy proposals and organizational agendas. A comparison with eternal elements affecting medical organizations reveals the balance in significance of each factor towards the organization’s performance (Mannion, 2000, p. 111). However, the internal features have straight, instant, and authoritative impacts. These effects are far more open to adjustment at a domestic level of the organization than eternal factors. An organizational discussion should appreciate individual experience alongside objective information. As a result, the debate will promote positive change within the organization (Ford, Menachemi & Phillips, 2006, p. 108). Joining the organization creates the utmost confidence that has systematic expertise in association administration and understanding of the current healthcare frameworks. As a healthcare administrator, I will be able to prove valuable as I progress and exploit opportunities in my profession (Ford, Menachemi & Phillips, 2006, p. 106). Daake, D. and Anthony, W. P. (2000). Understanding Stakeholder Power and Influence Gaps in a Health Care Organization: An Empirical Study. Health Care Management Review: July, Volume 25 - Issue 3 - pp

Decriminalization, drug maintenance and harm reduction Essay

Decriminalization, drug maintenance and harm reduction - Essay Example Thus it is time to seek alternative approach in combating drug abuse. Among such alternatives are: decriminalization, harm reduction, and drug substitution and maintenance. Decriminalization is the process of making an action no longer a criminal act in the relevant jurisdiction. While decriminalized acts are no longer crimes, they may still be the subject of regulation; for example, the licensing and regular medical testing of prostitutes, or a monetary penalty in place of a criminal charge for the possession of a soft drug. (Decriminalization, 2006). The decriminalization of drugs is a complicated issue embracing numerous distinct moral/ethical and practical strands which can, possibly, be summarized thus: (a) Whose body is it anyway Where do I start and the government begins What gives the state the right to intervene in decisions pertaining only to my self and contravene them (Valnin, n.d.). However, most studies shoed that decriminalization could the best weapon against drug abuse. For example, in the case of marijuana, findings from dozens of government-commissioned and academic studies published over the past 25 years overwhelmingly affirm that l iberalizing marijuana penalties will not caused an increase in marijuana utilization or influence a teenager perception of drug use. Since 1973, 12 state legislatures -- Alaska, California, Colorado, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Ohio and Oregon -- have enacted versions of marijuana decriminalization. In each of these states, marijuana users are no longer jailed when caught possessing marijuana (Marijuana Decriminalization & Its Impact on Use, 2002). Harm reduction Another alternative would be to replace unsuccessful laws and policies with harm-reduction strategies, which center on reducing the societal costs of drug abuse and other drug use. Techniques include education to avoid overdose, needle exchange programs to reduce the spread of blood-borne diseases. Addressing drug use as part a public health issue rather than a criminal one would be beneficial in the long run (Zinberg, 1984; Drug Abuse, 2006). The central idea of harm reduction is the recognition that some people always have and always will engage in behaviors which carry risks, e.g. casual sex, illicit substance use. Harm reduction aims to lessen the potential harm linked with these behaviors without attempting to prohibit the behaviors. Therefore, no one should be denied of health care services simply due to the fact that they take risks. Furthermore, harm reduction seeks a social justice response to illegal drug use, in contrary to a criminalizing one (Harm reduction, 2006). Drug substitution and maintenanceAnother alternative to unsuccessful laws and policies is drug substitution and maintenance. These approaches have a long history however. The logic behind is that of harm reduction: if some people are unable to quit using drugs, both users and society at large benefit if these users, i.e., addicts, are able to switch from "black market" drugs of indeterminate quality, purity and potency to legal drugs, of known purity and potency, obtained from physicians, pharmacies and other legal channels (Drug substitution